Biology I Unit 2: Introduction into Biochemistry

Organic molecules

What are the molecules that everything is made up of called?

Atoms

the basic unit of a chemical element.

Organic matter

all living matter that must contain carbon.

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids.

What are examples of organic matters?

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorous, and sulfur.

What are the most common elements in organic matter?

Macromolecules

Really big molecules that are made of smaller molecules.

polymers, monomers

Macromolecules are made of _________________ that are made of several ___________________.

Monomers

one small molecule or unit; the smaller parts of a macromolecule.

Through dehydration synthesis.

How are polymers made?

Dehydration synthesis

the process when monomers are combined chemically, joining in a way that releases a water molecule.

Hydrolysis

breaking apart polymers by adding a water molecule.

Robert Hooke

Who discovered and coined the term "cell" in 1665?

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

Who first viewed living cells in 1675?

Matthias Schleiden

Who discovered that plant parts were made of cells?

Theodor Schwann

Who discovered that animal parts were made of cells?

Rudolf Virchow

Who concluded that cells come from another and aren't spontaneous in 1855?

All living things are made up of cells. Cells are the basic unit of structure and function of organisms. All cells come from pre-existing ones.

What is ultimately stated in cell theory?

DNA, plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and ribosomes.

What are common features of ALL cells?

DNA

the genetic material that makes a person who they are.

Plasma membrane

what keeps certain material in the cell and allows other material out.

Cytoplasm

the fluid within the plasma membrane that suspends all other cell parts in it.

Cytosol

the fluid that makes up the cytoplasm.

Ribosomes

the protein-making factories of the cells.

Prokaryotes

first type of cell to evolve, single-celled (unicellular) organism; mostly bacterial cells.

Eukaryotes

much younger than prokaryotes, multicellular organism; usually humans, plants, animals, and fungi.

They can move quickly, and nutrients can diffuse across the cell faster and more efficiently.

Why is it good for prokaryotes to be small?

They can become more complex.

Why is it good for eukaryotes to be big?

The genetic makeup of an organism will be protected from the outside world with two layers.

Why would it be good to have DNA in a nucleus for eukaryotes?

Easy replication of genetic material, allowing faster reproduction.

What would be the advantage of not having DNA in a nucleus for prokaryotes?

Compartmentalization

What is strictly a eukaryotic characteristic?

Different conditions in order to occur.

What do different processes require?

Organelles

a membrane enclosed structure with a specialized function within a cell.

Nucleus

controls the cell's activity, protein synthesis, and genetic information.

Nucleolus

where ribosomes are made.

Ribosome

made in the nucleus, uses the instructions (mRNA) sent from the nucleus to carry out protein synthesis.

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Where are membrane-bound ribosomes found?

In the cytosol.

Where are free ribosomes found?

Mitochondria

site of cellular respiration, has its own ribosomes, double membrane, and was once its own cell, but became part of the Eukaryotic cell.

The endomembrane system

a series of membranes inside the cell that are used to transport materials within the cell.

Nuclear envelope

double membrane, has nuclear pores that allow protein and other vital materials into and out of the nucleus.

Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)

where proteins that are destined to leave the cell are made; ribosomes are attached to the walls of the membrane.

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)

no ribosomes, makes fatty acids, phospholipids.

Cisternae

flattened stacks that increase the surface area of the endoplasmic reticulum.

Golgi apparatus

stacks of flattened membrane folds next to the ER; proteins receive modifications here, and when mature packages leave this organelle, they become part of the plasma membrane.

Exocytosis

the process of contents leaving from the Golgi.

Trans face

Which face do mature packages leave the Golgi?

Lysosomes

act like the stomach/trashcan of the cell; extremely acid and can digest all four macromolecules; recycles products of what is digest.

Acid hydrolases

What are lysosomes full of?

Transport vesicle

stores proteins and lipids for transportation around the cell or even out of the cell.

Vacuole - Food

stores food

Vacuole - Central

stores water; provides internal support for the plant cell (the more water, the more rigid the cell).

Vacuole - Contractile

collects excess water and pumps it out of the cell.

Plastid - Chromoplast

stores pigments other than chlorophyll (green).

Plastid - Leucoplast

Stores starch

Plastid - Chloroplast

Stores chlorophyll; site of photosynthesis (converting solar energy into chemical energy in food).

Peroxisomes

stores peroxidase; breaks down toxic chemicals

Cytoskeleton

thin protein fibers found in the cytoplasm, used to maintain the shape of the cell (like poles of a tent).

Centrioles

keep things organized during reproduction

Pili

short, hair-like projections used for movement.

Objective lenses

lens with different magnification.

Diaphragm

typically a five-hold disc housed under the stage that adjusts the amount of light passing through the stage opening.

Eyepiece/Ocular lens

used to see your specimen.

Nosepiece

holds the objective lens.

Stage

holds the slides

Stage adjustment

allows for adjustment of the slide position forwards, backwards, and left or right.

Coarse adjustment

moves objective lens closer.

Fine adjustment

to focus on various parts.

Kimwipes

brand of specialty paper-based cleaning wipes suited for cleaning laboratory equipment.

Immersion oil

a special oil used exclusively with a 100x or higher objective lens, typically at 1000x total power.