C)water soluble vs lipids soluble hormones, second messengers

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1ReWkGIC6O8

Lipid-soluble hormone

Hormones that can pass through cell membranes and bind to intracellular receptors.

Water-soluble hormone

Hormones that cannot cross cell membranes and bind to surface receptors.

Steroid hormone

Lipid-soluble hormones derived from cholesterol (e.g., cortisol, estrogen).

Thyroid hormone

Lipid-soluble hormones derived from iodine-containing amino acids (e.g., T3, T4).

Peptide hormone

Water-soluble hormones made of amino acids (e.g., insulin, glucagon).

Catecholamines

Water-soluble hormones derived from tyrosine (e.g., epinephrine, norepinephrine).

Intracellular receptor

Receptor located inside the cell; binds lipid-soluble hormones.

Membrane-bound receptor

Receptor on the cell surface; binds water-soluble hormones.

Transcription factor

A protein that regulates gene expression after hormone binding.

Signal transduction

The process by which a hormone-receptor interaction leads to a cellular response.

Second messenger

Intracellular signaling molecules activated by hormone-receptor interaction.

cAMP (cyclic AMP)

A common second messenger that activates protein kinases.

IP₃ (inositol triphosphate)

Second messenger that triggers calcium release from the endoplasmic reticulum.

DAG (diacylglycerol)

Works with IP₃ to activate protein kinase C.

Ca²⁺ (calcium ion)

Acts as a second messenger in many signaling pathways.

Genomic effect

Long-term cellular changes caused by lipid-soluble hormones altering gene expression.

Non-genomic effect

Rapid cellular changes caused by water-soluble hormones activating enzymes or ion channels.

Hormone response time

Lipid-soluble = slower onset, longer duration; Water-soluble = faster onset, shorter duration.