AP Psychology 2.3-2.4

Test 12/8

Memory

Learning over time through the encoding, storage, and retrieval

Recall

person retrieves information learned earlier

Recognition

person only identify items previously learned

Relearning

assesses the amount of time saved when learning material again

Encoding

Getting information into memory by extracting meaning.

Storage

retaining encoded information over time.

Retrieval

getting information out of memory storage.

Parallel processing

The processing of many parts of a problem simultaneously.

Sensory memory

brief recording of sensory information in the memory system.

Short-term memory

Memory that holds a few items before the information is either stored or forgotten.

Long-term memory

The permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system.

Working memory

Short-term memory focusing on conscious, active processing

Central executive

The part of working memory that focuses attention

Phonological loop

In working memory that stores and rehearses speech-based information.

Visuospatial sketchpad

In working memory that stores and manipulates visual and spatial information.

Neurogenesis

The formation of new neurons, linked to learning and memory.

Long term potentiation (LTP)

increase in a synapse's firing potential believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory.

Explicit memory

Memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know.

Effortful processing

Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort.

Automatic processing

Unconscious encoding of incidental information.

Implicit memory

acquired and used without conscious thoughts

Iconic memory

sensory memory of visual stimuli lasting a few tenths of a second.

Echoic memory

sensory memory auditory stimuli lasting about 3 or 4 seconds.

Chunking

Organizing items into familiar units.

Mnemonics

Memory aids that use vivid imagery and organizational devices.

Spacing Effect

distributed study to yield better long-term retention

Testing Effect

Enhanced memory after retrieving information

Shallow Processing

Encoding on a basic level based on the structure of words.

Deep processing

Encoding semantically based on the meaning of the words