Bio (exam)

Cell Theory

A guide in learning and understanding biology, its functions and structure based on observations.

Zacharias Janssen

One of the pioneers in the development of the early microscope and telescope in the early 16th century.

Robert Hooke

One of the premier scientists that first used the microscope for observing minute living cells and recorded it into a compilation.

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

Universally acknowledged as the father of microbiology, he discovered both protists and bacteria.

Matthias Jakob Schleiden and Theodor Schwann

Two German scientists who suggested that cells were the basic unit of structure and function of all living things.

Rudolf Virchow

A German doctor who observed that cells divide to produce more cells and proposed that all cells arise only from other cells.

The Cell Theory

All organisms are made up of one or more cells, all the life functions of an organism occur within cells, and all cells come from preexisting cells.

Modern Cell Theory

All known living things are made up of one or more cells, all living cells arise from pre-existing cells by division, the cell is the fundamental unit of structure and function in all living organisms, and more.

Cell Structure and Functions

Every organ in our body performs a variety of different functions, and in plants, there are different organs that perform specialized functions.

Primary components

The cell membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus are important parts of the cell.

Structure and Support

Cells provide the structural basis of all organisms.

Growth

Cells are responsible for the growth of the organism through the process of mitosis.

Transport

Cells import nutrients and get rid of waste through passive and active transport.

Energy Production

Cells obtain energy through processes like photosynthesis and respiration.

Metabolism

Cells are responsible for all the chemical reactions that take place inside an organism to keep it alive.

Reproduction

Cells help in reproduction through processes like mitosis and meiosis.

Difference between Plant Cells and Animal Cells

Plant cells have a cell wall, chloroplasts, and a larger vacuole compared to animal cells.

Cell Wall

Surrounds the cell membrane for additional protection and structure in plant cells. Made up of cellulose. Examples of organisms with cell walls are plants, fungi, protists, and most bacteria.

Primary Cell Wall

Contains a cellulose layer and divides and grows cells.

Secondary Cell Wall

Synthesized in specialized cells and contains treachery elements and fibers.

Middle Lamella

Acts as a layer of cement between neighboring cells.

Chloroplast

Organelle found in plant cells that absorbs solar light and produces energy via photosynthesis. Contains chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b.

Inner Membrane

Forms a border to the stroma and controls the flow of materials in and out of the chloroplast.

Stoma Lamella

Keeps grana at a distance to increase synthesis efficiency.

Thylakoid

Traps light energy and converts it into ATP and NADPH.

Granum

Increases the surface area of thylakoids for more light absorption.

Stroma

Alkaline, protein-rich fluid present within the inner membrane of the chloroplast.

Intermembrane Space

Thin space between the outer and inner membrane of the chloroplast.

Endocytosis

Process of taking in materials or molecules from the exterior of the cell to absorb nutrients and build/repair the cell.

Phagocytosis

Type of endocytosis where cells absorb large particles like bacteria.

Pinocytosis

Type of endocytosis where cells take in materials or molecules from extracellular fluid.

Exocytosis

Process of transporting materials or molecules from the inside of the cell to the outside.

Lipids

Major component of the cell membrane that forms a lipid bilayer and plays a role in membrane organization and function.

Phospholipids

Major component of the cell membrane that forms a semi-permeable barrier and has hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails.

Cholesterol

Lipid located in the phospholipid bilayer that helps stabilize the cell membrane and control what can pass through it.

Peripheral Membrane Proteins

Proteins located on the exterior of the membrane and interact with other proteins.

Integral Membrane Proteins

Proteins located inside the membrane and exposed to both the exterior and interior of the membrane.

Transmembrane Proteins

Proteins that extend all the way across the membrane.

Structural Proteins

Provide support and structure to the cell.

Receptor Proteins

Used for communication with other cells using hormones, neurotransmitters, and signaling molecules.

Transport Proteins

Facilitate the transport of molecules across the cell membrane.

Glycoproteins

Proteins with a carbohydrate chain that aid in cell-to-cell communication and recognition.

Carbohydrate Groups

Carbohydrates attached to the outside surface of the cell membrane that form cellular markers for cell identification.

Golgi Complex, Apparatus, Body

Responsible for transporting, modifying, and packaging proteins and lipids into vesicles for transport.

Lysosomes

Organelles made from Golgi vesicles that act as the "packaging and shipping center" of the cell.

Glycosylation

The process of attaching a carbohydrate sugar to lipids, proteins, or other organic molecules through an enzymatic reaction.

Nucleus

The "control center" of the cell, composed of a nuclear envelope, nuclear pores, nucleolus, nucleoplasm, nuclear lamina, and chromatin.

Nuclear Pores

Protein-lined channels in the nuclear envelope that regulate the transportation of molecules between the nucleus and cytoplasm.

Ribosomes

Cellular machinery responsible for making proteins.

Nucleoplasm

Viscous fluid in the nucleus that contains DNA-based chromatin and serves as a suspension medium for nucleus organelles.

Nuclear Lamina

Complex protein mesh attached to the inner nuclear membrane that provides mechanical support to the nucleus and is involved in chromatin organization.

Chromatin

Mixture of DNA and proteins that form chromosomes and package DNA into a compact structure.

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Sac-like structure with interconnected membranes involved in calcium storage, protein synthesis, lipid metabolism, and transport.

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)

Responsible for the synthesis of steroid hormones and detoxification reactions.

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

Site of protein synthesis and sorting of proteins destined for various organelles or outside the cell.

Cytoplasm

The gel-like fluid inside the cell that provides a medium for chemical reactions and movement of dissolved molecules.

Cytosol

The area of the cytoplasm not filled by an organelle, serving as a fluid medium within the cell.

Organelles

Tiny structures suspended in the cytoplasm that have individual structures and roles in cell function.

Cytoplasmic Inclusions

Insoluble particles suspended in the cytosol, storing energy and granules.

Cytoplasmic Streaming

The movement of cytoplasmic fluid within a cell.

Mitochondria

Double-membraned, rod-shaped structures found in plant and animal cells, often referred to as the powerhouse of the cell.

Centrosomes

Membrane-free organelles that organize the microtubule cytoskeleton in animal cells.

Peroxisomes

Membrane-bound organelles that contain enzymes for oxidizing certain molecules and perform functions like lipid metabolism and detoxification.

Cell Wall

Surrounds the plasma membrane of plant cells, providing strength, protection, and turgor pressure.

Chloroplast

Responsible for photosynthesis and production of organic molecules in plants and algae.

Vacuole

Membrane-bound organelle that helps maintain water balance in plant cells and sequesters waste products in animal cells.

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Smooth or rough, involved in protein synthesis and transport within the cell.

Golgi Body

Processes and sorts proteins received from the endoplasmic reticulum for transport to their destinations.

Mitochondria

Organelles responsible for oxidative phosphorylation and generating ATP as the primary energy source for cells.

Centrioles

Barrel-shaped organelles in animal cells that organize microtubules and determine the locations of other organelles.

Ribosomes

Micro-machines for protein synthesis, composed of proteins and nucleic acids.

Peroxisomes

Organelles that sequester diverse oxidative reactions and play important roles in metabolism, reactive oxygen species detoxification, and signaling.

Fatty acid β-oxidation

A pathway housed in peroxisomes that contributes to embryogenesis, seedling growth, and stomatal opening.