AP EURO reformation

Catholic organizations

provided places for laymen to join clergy + form Brothers and Sisters of the Common Life

christian humanism

caused a greater need for a reformed church + rulers tried to take control of religion

Dominican friar Girolamo Savonarola

denounced corruption in Florence and in the church, emphasizing God’s wrath by organizing “burnings of vanities” + condemned pope Alexander IV

Pope Alexander IV

possibly the most sinful pope. He faced challenges to undo his power thru bringing back the conciliar movement 

Erasmus

called for Christians to return to their ancient roots, rejected traditions such as confession to a priest and clerical celibacy, translated texts into venacular

luther’s three ways to get saved

sola scriputra, fide, gratia (good works didn’t count)

consequences of luther

In 1518, the pope condemned Luther as a heretic, and in 1521, Charles V at the Imperial Diet in the city of Worms declared him an outlaw

Elector of Wittenburg

kidnapped Luther to protect him from the HRE and Pope. There, luther produced his official doctrine

urban reformers

embraced Luther esp because they felt the clergy had too much economic power, believed that community life should be regulated by pure gospel, stressing the equality of all Christians.

Zwingli

Swiss city of Zurich, went beyond Luther when he banished images of Christ and argued that the bread and wine of Communion were not the body and blood of Christ

rural peasant followers

invoked the pure Gospel to argue that payments to landlords be lowered, serfdom be abolished, and they be granted greater access to common lands.

Peasants’ War (1525)

Luther sided with the nobility and they were massacred by the army. Luther used nobles and princes to reform religion after that (broke from commoners)

Holy Roman Empire

split into hostile Catholic and Lutheran states, much to the dismay of emperor Charles V

Peace of Augsburg (1555)

allowed the rulers of each imperial state to determine whether the state would be Lutheran or Catholic

Anabaptists

Every Christian was capable of correctly interpreting scripture, argued for a sharp separation of church and state, and abolished infant baptism

Supression of anabaptists

Charles V issued an imperial edict in 1529 decreeing the death penalty for anyone who held a separatist view of church-state relations

Munster Rebellion

pooled all real estate as common property, banned money, unlocked house doors, practiced polygamy, and executed the wayward from Anabaptists alarmed Catholics and Lutherans who killed them all

Hutterites and the Mennonites,

Pacifist groups of the Anabaptists who live on as Amish and menonnite communities in North America today

John Calvin

founded the third major Protestant community of the sixteenth century, Calvinism thru Institutes of the Christian Religion

Calvinism

scripture was the only authority, clergy are valid and administer discipline in communities, church alone should appoint clergy, double predestination (God chooses people to go to hell and heaven and you cant do anything), thrift and good works were signs you were in The Elect

Calvinism and Geneva

took over government in 1555, formed consistory which was the religious inquisition type of thing, founded genevan academy to train Calvinist clergy

Huguenots

10% of french population and also were french version of Calvinists. 50% of nobility were Calvinists. possibility of civil war between them

Calvinism in the Netherlands

Despite Charles' V’s super strict rules secret communities were established and they were getting close to civil war too

John Knox

spread his over take on Calvinism into Ireland called Presbyterians 

Act of Supremacy 

the king or queen of england is the supreme head of the church

Edward IV

He was too young to rule and a protestant majority regency ruled for him so Council issued the Protestant Book of Common Prayer 

Mary I

restored the Catholic Church and earned the nickname “Bloody Mary” for her persecution of Protestants. 

Elizabeth I

issued the moderately Protestant Thirty-nine Articles (1571), which defined a middle ground among Catholicism, Lutheranism, and Calvinism

Reforms in religious orders (Counterreformation)

Carmelites, Capuchins, took strict vows of poverty and preached sermons urging Catholics to live in accordance with Jesus’s teachings. 

Reforms in religious orders (Counterreformation) 2

They believed good works could contribute to getting into heaven and also did things like meditate and doing good. Officially recognized by pope in 1540. Founded a lot of colleges in Europe. 

Paul III

special commission which reported that church corruption was caused mainly by abuses of papal power. Reformed the College of Cardinals and established the Roman Inquisition to investigate and punish heretics.

The Index of Prohibited Books

listed works Catholics were forbidden to read.

Council of Trent

reaffirmed Catholic teaching, set up seminaries, was super long and three meetings

Overseas missionaries

Spanish missionaries in South America argued over how to convert natives. Some people resisted them, others converted, others blended their old religions with their new ones.

Francis Xavier

spread Catholicism in India and Japan

Jesuits in Japan

quarrels between the Portuguese and Spanish missionaries caused the Japanese government to suppress Christianity in 1616.

Matteo Ricci

had a small influence in China, but he was considerably influential in Europe, providing new information about Chinese culture, philosophy, and history

Education

both Catholics and protestants began to establish schools to train middle and upper class

Poor Relief

— Luther encouraged municipal authorities to outlaw public begging and made it a state issue not a church one. 

—catholic reformers also stopped the giving but still continued with allocating church funds. Individuals still gave but state also started giving.

—Calvin wanted state to tax the rich and poverty was bc the community as a whole was sinning

Catholic marriage

two-fold purpose: to provide an outlet for sexual impulses and procreation. Sexual abstinence was always better. started seeing marriage as partnership

Luther on intimacy

abolished celibacy, allowed divorce under special circumstances, and ordered the closure of brothels. marriage is seen as partnership

Women’s involvement

greater for Catholics through invoking special female saints and forming religious orders.

protestant and Jewish relations

Rulers of Lutheran states ordered the expulsion of Jews, and Calvin endorsed the medieval idea of Jews as “Christ killers.”

catholic and Jewish relations

creation of ghettos, pope outlawed Christians from buying bread and meat from them, bathing or being their servants, or have them as physicians. Jews could only do secondhand clothing trade and wore yellow badges and had to abolish their own courts.