CORRECTED W Hist Final Exam Study Guide

What is a primary source?

FIRST-HAND ACCOUNT; material written, produced, or created during the time period students are investigating (memoirs, autobiographies, diaries, journals, speeches, etc.)

What is a secondary source?

SECOND-HAND ACCOUNT; a step removed from primary sources, were not written or produced near or at the time of the event nor is the source a first-hand eyewitness or participant account (biographies, scholarly articles, commentary, encyclopedias, etc.)

Where did the word "historia" originate from and what did it mean?

it is a Greek word meaning, "information" or "an inquiry designed to elicit truth"

Who was Herodotus? Why was he important?

Herodotus is known as the "Father of History" (or later, "the first liar") and he wrote the first known history of the Greco-Persian Wars but he exaggerated

Who was Thucydides? Why was he important?

"the first historian" and he wrote a more factual history of the Greco-Persian Wars after Herodotus

What is political history?

the study of government, political leaders, electoral activities, the making of policy, and the interaction of branches of government

What is diplomatic history?

the study of the relations between nations, diplomats, andideas of diplomacy

What is social history?

the study of ways and customs, of family, education, children, demography (population change), and voluntary institutions (churches, for example)

What is cultural history?

the study of language and its uses, of the arts and literature, sport, and entertainment, in constructing cultural categories

What is economic history?

the study of how an entire system of production and consumption (or of any of its parts) works, of markets, industry, credit, and working people at all levels of the system

What is intellectual history?

the study of ideology and epistemology, analyzing how ideas affect human actions and how the material world affects human ideas

What were the four locations where ancient civilizations arose in the world?

Middle East (MESOPOTAMIA: BETWEEN THE TIGRIS AND EUPHRATES), Egypt, Indus River Valley, and China

What did "Mesopotamia" mean?

"The Land Between the Rivers"

Who were one of the first early civilizations in Mesopotamia and are credited with creating the first written language?

Sumerians

What is considered the first written language?

Cunneiform

The Sumerians were what religion?

polytheists

What was the Epic of Gilgamesh and what impact did it have on the Mesopotamians?

an epic poem that records the exploits of the King of Uruk, Gilgamesh, and Enkidu and it helped spread their language and shows us their religion

Who did the Sumerians fall to?

Sargon the Great of Akkad (the Akkadians)

Hammurabi's Code had penalties based on the ___________ ________ of the victim.

social class

Hammurabi was a _________ king.

Babylonian

What type of weaponry did the Babylonians use? What was it made of?

bronze weapons

Phoenician alphabet was passed to the ___________ and helped with cultural diffusion.

Greeks

What is significant of the Nile River? Where/how does it flow?

the longest river in the world and it flows from south to north, and leaves black sediment after the flood from regularly scheduled flooding; it also helped with the dispersion of technology and trade

The Egyptians had a mutual relationship with _____________ and benefited from trading and technology with them.

Mesopotamia

The ________ kingdom is known for the construction of the pyramids and an age of prosperity and splendor.

Old

\________________ was an Egyptian priest and historian who divided Egyptian history into 31 dynasties of kings.

Menetho

The capital of the Old Kingdom was ___________.

Memphis

What does the word "hieroglyphics" mean?

"priest carvings" or "sacred writings"

The ___________ Kingdom is characterized by a new concern on the part of the pharaohs for the people.

Middle

What did Hyksos bring to Egypt?

bronze and chariot warfare

What does the word "pharaoh" mean?

"great house" or "palace"

Mainland Greece is surrounded by which three seas?

Ionian, Aegean, and Mediterranean Seas

In 1900, archaeologist __________ _________ found evidence of the __________ at Knossos.

Arthur Evans, Minoans

Why was farming difficult in mainland Greece?

rocky soil; almost 75% of the mainland is covered by mountains

What event(s) caused the downfall of the Minoans?

many of their coastal communities were wiped out by a TIDAL WAVE caused by a nearby VOLCANIC ERUPTION and they were CONQUERED BY THE MYCENAEANS

What was the famous war between the Mycenaeans and the people of Troy recorded by Homer in one of his famous poems?

the Trojan War

Why did Mycenaean civilization collapse?

internal fighting, invasions, or natural disasters

Why is the period of rule during the reign of the Dorians called the "Dark Ages" of Greece?

they did not have a written language; didn't build cities; or spend time making art, music, or literature

The Minoans earned their living from trade. Who did they trade with?

Cyprus, Canaan, Mesopotamia, and Egypt's Old Kingdom

Who did the Mycenaeans trade with?

the Minoans, Egyptians, and civilizations in Asia Minor

How did the Dorians protect their islands?

guard ships

Who was Sparta founded by?

descendants of the Dorian invaders

What was Sparta's land rich in?

iron ore

What did laconic mean?

using as few words as necessary when speaking

What was the Battle of Leuctra?

the battle that Sparta lost to Thebes and never regained their glory after

How did Sparta fall?

lost the Battle of Leuctra and were sacked by the Visigoths

Who banned the Olympic games in 349AD?

Roman Emperor Theodosius

How did the Spartans vote?

shouting

\_______________ was the queen of the underworld.

Persephone

\_________________ was the god of grapes.

Dionysus

\___________ was the queen of the gods.

Hera

\_____________ was the god of war.

Ares

\_________________ was the god of love.

Eros

\_____________ was the god of the hunt.

Artemis

What were Helots?

slaves who worked on Spartan land and mines; the Spartans regularly purged them to keep them in submission

What were the perioeci (periokoi)?

artisans, merchants, and other free people from the conquered territories who were not citizens, had no political rights, and were often forced to serve in the military

Who were the Visigoths and what did they do to the Spartans?

sacked Sparta and sold many of the Spartans into slavery

Who were the Athenians founded by descendants of?

Mycenaeans

The Athenians were known for their strong __________.

navy

Who established a written legal code in Athens that was very harsh and often involved putting many people to death?

Draco

Who cancelled all land debts and freed debtors from slavery in Athens?

Solon

Who created a council of 500 who administered the everyday business like taxes, treaties, and public works? His reforms lasted for about 200 years in Athens.

Cleisthenes

Who were the Persian kings during the Persian War?

Cyrus II, Darius I, Cambyses, and Xerxes

What was the cause of the Persian War?

Persian king, Cyrus II conquered the Greek city state of Ionia. Ionia revolted but they were defeated by the Persians. The Persians decided to punish the Greek city-states for their participation in the revolt.

What were the major battles of the Persian War?

Battle of Marathon, Battle of Thermopylae, Battle of Salamis, Battle of Carthage, and the Battle of Platea

What happened at the Battle of Marathon?

Darius I sent the first fleet of ships to the coastal plain of Marathon but they were destroyed by storms. The second fleet made it to the coastal plain of Marathon and the Persians expected the Athenians to attack them, but the outnumbered Athenians waited until the Persians were packing up to leave before they stormed down the hill and beat the Persians.

What were the events leading to the Battles of Thermopylae and Salamis?

A priestess known as the Oracle of Delphi predicted that the Greeks would be safe from the Persians behind a "wooden wall." General Themistocles was convinced this meant the Greeks would win if they used boats (since boats are made of wood), but in order for this plan to work, he would need time to assemble a fleet. They decided to intercept the Persian army at Thermopylae to make more time.

What happened at the Battle of Thermopylae?

a Greek traitor showed the Persians a trail that would allow them to attack the Greeks from the rear. King Leonidas (the Greek king) found out and sent most of his troops away. The Greeks were defeated by the Persians but it allowed Themistocles enough time to gather ships

What happened at the Battle of Salamis?

General Themistocles drew the Persian fleet into the Strait of Salamis so the Persian ships would crowd together and make it easier for the lighter, faster Greek ships. The Greeks destroyed much of the Persian fleet and won the battle

What is a trireme?

an oar-powered warship used by Greeks and Persians

Who was the Oracle of Delphi and what did her vision mean?

a priestess named Pythia at the temple in Delphi who predicted the Greek would be safe from the Persians behind a "wooden wall"

What is considered the first naval battle in Greek history?

Battle of Salamis

Who was most of Athens' Golden Age under the rule of?

Pericles

What is the best example of classic Greek architecture and was built for the goddess Athena?

Parthenon

Who wrote The Republic (a political science book)?

Plato

Who tutored Alexander the Great and laid the foundations for biology?

Aristotle

What city-states were the main rivals during the Peloponnesian War?

Athens and Sparta

Who did Sparta make a deal with during the Peloponnesian War?

Megara and Corinth

What happened in 430 BC?

a plague wiped out a LOT of Athenians

After the fall of Greece, who took over the territory?

Macedonia

When _________________________ was assassinated, Alexander the Great became King of the Corinth League.

King Philip

How did Alexander the Great die?

he fell ill, possibly from malaria

Alexander the Great had an extensive empire that expanded all the way into ___________.

India

Hellenistic culture is a mix of:

Greek, Middle Eastern, and Asian cultures

In what century did the Arabs arise and spread their influence? Where did this spread?

7th century, Western Asia and beyond (the Arabian peninsula)

What did the Arabs speak?

they were a Semitic-speaking people

What type of lifestyle did the Arabs live? Why did they live this way?

they lived a nomadic lifestyle in order to find food and water for their animals

Define sheikh

a ruler of an Arabic tribe

How were sheikhs chosen?

they were chosen from one of the leading families by a council of elders

What two bodies of water saw towns develop between them as a result of the Arabs trading along the Silk Road?

the Indian Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea

What type of religion were early Arabs?

polytheistic

What is a Kaaba?

the central shrine of the Arabs that housed the Black Stone

What did camel caravans transport?

frankincense and myrhh

Who was Khadija?

the rich widow that Muhammad married

Why did Muhammad go to the hills to meditate? What happened during on of his visits?

he was troubled by the generosity vs. greediness of some Makkans (the wealthy specifically) and during one visit we is said to have received a revelation from God

What is the Quran? How many chapters does it contain?

it's the holy book of Islam and it contains 114 chapters

After three years of practicing, how many followers did Muhammad have?

30

Where did Muhammad and his followers move due to their persecution? What was this journey called?

they moved to Yathrib (later Madinah) taking a journey called the Hijrah

Who were the Bedouin?

the Arabs who lived in the desert

What is significant about Kaaba?

it is a sacred shrine of Islam and all Muslims are encouraged to make a pilgrimage there