Current World Issues Vocab- Chapters 1-3

Actor

a distinct entity that have power over a large population (Joe Biden, China)

Generalization

taking a series of observations and make assumptions about how the world works because it seems to be true

Ecological Fallacy

grouping people together and making assumptions based off of where they are from. Assuming someone is a certain way because of where they are from

Individualistic Fallacy

assuming everyone from a certain group of people is the same based on one or two people

Process Tracing

seeing common factors and tracing them together

Wicked Problem

something very hard or impossible to solve

Zero Sum

where one person or group wins everything

Non zero sum

where everyone wins something

Globalization

the integration of communications, trade, norms, ideas, conflicts, and environmental concerns across the entire world system

State

a territory with recognized borders and a government with legal control over the population

Treaty of Westphalia

ended the 30 Years' War in Europe and established the modern concept of sovereignty

Sovereign

the right of an internationally recognized state to govern internal affairs without interference from other states

5 Rules for Sovereignty

1. defined borders
2. permanent population
3. international recognition
4. international and external defense
5. legal rights with other states

Nation

a large population with shared descent, language, history, and other cultural elements

Industrial Revolution

global shift from handmade production to machine made production

Imperialism

expansion of state power and territory through military force

DIME Model

diplomatic, informational, military, and economic
measures various levels of state power

IGOs

organizations founded by sovereigned states to cooperate over shared interests

NGOs

organizations founded by private actors to provide services, advocate causes, and earn profits

Web 2.0

shift from static and non-interactive webpages to interact tools that encourage users to interact

Democracy

rule by the people

Direct Democracy

rules and laws are crafted and voted on directly by every single citizen

Indirect Democracy

electing representatives to carry out the will of the people

Majoritarian Model

a system in which an elected majority holds the power and decides who governs without requiring minority input

Consensus Model

a system in which those who govern attempt to gain wide support for decisions

Parliamentary Systems

systems in which voters elect the legislature and the legislature selects the executive from the majority party, commonly referred tp as the prime minister

Presidential Systems

system in which voters select legislatures and the executive, or the president separately

Liberal Democracy

formal democracy in which exclusive, legislative, and judicial powers are separate

Constitutional Liberalism

constitutions and other governing documents the protect individual rights such as speech, the press, and religion

Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR)

published on Dec. 10th, 1948
the UDGR laid out 30 articles to serve as the blueprint of definitions, norms, and ideas regarding human dignity, equality, and individual inalienable rights shared across all UN members

Electoralist Fallacy

assuming elections are sufficient for a democracy to flourish

Positive Rights

rights that the state grants such as universal healthcare or education

Negative Rights

rights that the state cannot abridge such as freedom of speech, press, or religion

International Court of Justice (ICJ)

United Nations court that settles disputes between states

International Criminal Courts (ICC)

United Nations court that investigates and tries individuals charges with war crimes