anatomy test 2

endocrine system

creates and releases hormones to regulate and control bodily functions like growth, metabolism, and reproduction.

what are the parts/glands of the endocrine system?

hypothalamus, pineal gland, pituitary gland, thyroid, parathyroid, thymus, adrenal gland, pancreas, ovary, and testis.

what is the function of hypothalamus and where is it located?

located in the brain and secretes hormones that stimulate or prevent the release of hormones in pituitary gland. also, controls water balance, sleep, temperature, appetite, and blood pressure.

what is the function of pineal gland and where is it located?

located in the brain and creates the hormone melatonin which helps the body know when it’s time to sleep.

what is the function of thyroid and where is it located?

located in front of the neck and plays a big role in the body’s metabolism.

what is the function of parathyroid and where is it located?

located in front of the neck and plays a big role in the regulation of body’s calcium balance.

what is the function of thymus and where is it located?

located in upper part of the chest and creates white blood cells that fight infections and destroy abnormal cells.

what is the function of adrenal gland and where is it located?

located on top of each kidney and works together with hypothalamus and pituitary gland. make and release corticosteroid hormones and epinephrine that maintain blood pressure and regulate metabolism.

what is the function of pancreas and where is it located?

located in back of the stomach and plays a big role in digestion and hormone production. insulin and glucagon gets made that regulate levels of blood sugar.

what is the function of ovary and where is it located?

located in both sides of the uterus and contains egg cells that’s needed for reproduction. also, ovaries make estrogen and progesterone.

what is the function of testis and where is it located?

located in a pouch that hangs outside the body and produces testosterone and sperm.

what is exocrine glands and their function?

glands that make and secrete substances like sweat, tears, saliva, milk, and digestive enzymes through ducts to a body surface or cavity.

what are endocrine glands and their function?

organs that create and release hormones directly into the bloodstream to regulate body functions like growth, metabolism, and reproduction.

what is cancer?

uncontrolled cell growth and spread.

what is a tumor?

non cancerous growth of cells that does not spread to other parts of the body.

what is metastasis?

cancer cells spread through their original location to other parts of the body.

what is oncogene?

mutated gene that can cause a cell to become cancerous and grow uncontrollably.

what is malignant tumor?

cancerous growth that can spread to other parts of the body.

how many genetic changes need to happen for the tumor to become cancerous?

between one and ten.

what can be used to treat cancer?

resecting (surgery), radiation, and chemotherapy.

what is intrinsic?

structures like muscles or nerves that are located entirely within a specific body part and their origin and insertion are within that region.

list causes of cancer:

tobacco, nuclear power plants, radiology, eating too much junk food, chemicals found in acrylic nails, dioxins, medical drugs, physical inactivity, alcohol, toxins from fungi, benzidine, solvents, viruses, bacteria, metals, pesticides.

what are the risk factors that can affect our cells?

genetics, environment, and lifestyle.

what is HPV?

human papilloma virus that can cause warts and cancer.

what’s the definition of infectious?

can be spread from one person to another by germs entering the body and causing sickness.

what’s the definition of non infectious?

not caused by pathogens and cannot be spread from one person to another.

what are target cells?

specific cells in the body that are able to respond to specific hormone because they have the needed receptors.

what are protein receptors?

proteins that connect to specific molecules to make a respond inside the cell.

what is cellular activity?

different functions cell perform to stay alive and do their job.

what is peptide hormone?

short chains of amino acids that connect to cell surface receptors to cause a sequence of reactions influencing functions like energy homeostasis, appetite, stress response, and cardiac function.

what is lipid soluble hormones and give an example.

fat based and can pass through cell membrane to connect with receptors in cytoplasm or nucleus. examples include steroid hormone and thyroid hormone.

a cells hormonal sensitivities are determined by:

presence or absence of specific receptors. it depends on whether it has the specific receptors that can connect to that hormone.

what is insulin and its function?

hormone produced by pancreas that lowers blood sugar that helps cells take up space for energy or storage.

what is glucagon and its function?

hormone produced by pancreas and raises blood sugar by signaling the liver to release glucose back into the bloodstream.

what are symptoms of nor maintaining blood sugar levels?

increased appetite, excessive bathroom use, fainting, high blood pressure, tired, always thirsty, sudden weight loss, numbering or tingling in feet or hands, blurry vision, wounds that don’t heal.

what is positive feedback?

amplifying change.

what is negative feedback?

reverses the change.

what is diabetes?

condition that affects how the body uses glucose (sugar) for energy.

what is type 1 diabetes?

pancreas makes little or no insulin. the immune system attacks and destroys the insulin producing cells in the pancreas. usually begins in childhood or adolescence. the symptoms develop quickly. requires daily insulin injections. no prevention and no cure.

what is type 2 diabetes?

body doesn’t react to insulin or doesn’t make enough. it’s still produced, but not used effectively. more common in adults. symptoms develop slowly. can be managed with diet, exercise, oral medications, and sometimes insulin. can be prevented with healthy lifestyle choices.

what is gestational diabetes?

develops during pregnancy. there is not enough insulin produced and blood sugar levels rise leading to that diabetes. can be managed with healthy eating and daily exercise.

what is insipidus diabetes?

a condition with excessive thirst and urination because of problems with ADH. causes are: poor ADH production or secretion by hypothalamus and pituitary gland or kidney can’t respond to ADH.

what is polyuria?

excessive production of urine.

what is nocturia?

frequent urination during the night.

what is polydipsia?

excessive thirst.

what is osmorality?

measure of total concentration of solute particles in a liter of solution.

what is solute?

substance that gets dissolved by another substance.

what is osmoregulation?

organism maintains a stable internal balance of water and dissolved substances, so organs and cells work properly.

what is menstruation?

monthly shedding of uterine lining with bleeding when an egg isn’t fertilized.

what is uterus?

pear shaped organ in woman’s body where a fetus develops during pregnancy.

what is ovulation?

process in which an ovum is released from one of the ovaries into the fallopian tube.

what is estrogen?

group of hormones produced by ovaries that’s responsible for female sexual development and reproductive functions.

what is progesterone?

hormone produced in ovaries that prepares the uterus for pregnancy and thickens uterine lining.

what is FSH?

follicle stimulating hormone produced by pituitary gland that stimulates reproduction functions and growth of ovarian follicles. in males, it stimulates sperm production.

what is LH?

luteinizing hormone produced by pituitary gland that actives ovulation in females and testosterone production in males.

what is ACTH and its function?

adrenocorticotropic hormone is produced by pituitary gland that stimulates adrenal glands to make cortisol, a stress hormone.

what is TSH and its function?

thyroid stimulating hormone produced by pituitary gland that regulates thyroid function. main function is to signal the thyroid gland to make and release thyroid hormones.

what is GH and its function?

growth hormone produced by pituitary gland that stimulates growth, cell reproduction, and regeneration in humans.

what is PRL and its function?

prolactin, hormone made by pituitary gland and stimulates milk production in women after childbirth.

what is MSH and its function?

melanocyte stimulating hormone that regulate skin pigmentation by stimulating melanocytes to make melanin.

what is oxytocin and it’s function?

hormone that stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth, release milk, and emotional bonding.

what is ADH and its function?

antidiuretic hormone that signals kidneys to release less water and less urine is made.

what is blood doping?

illegal method of boosting the number of red blood cells in the bloodstream to enhance athletic performance.

what is hematocrit?

measure percentage of red blood cells in the blood.

what is erythropoietin and its function?

hormone produced by kidney that stimulate bone marrow to make red blood cells.

what is leptin and its function?

hormone produced by fat cells and tells brain that there is enough energy stored which helps decrease hunger and increase speed that body burns energy.

what is anemia?

condition of body not having enough red blood cells.

what are the side effects of blood doping?

thickened blood, blood clots, heart attack, stroke, infection.

how does the human body react to exercise in an environment?

(low oxygen) → stimulus → hormone released → effect of hormone → restoration of balance.

what is melatonin and its function?

hormone produced by pineal gland that regulates body circadian rhythm, promote sleepiness, and affects brain functions.

what is cholecalciferol and its function?

a form of vitamin d and helps body absorb calcium and phosphorus for strong bones and teeth.