Europe, Africa, Asia

Italy

________ and the Muslims have the land trade route for the spices and controlling Europe's trade Moluccas set of island or spice islands Obstacles for exploration 1.

Matteo Ricci

________- jesuit priest who was respected for his renaissance knowledge.

Magnetic Compass

The angle helped sailors determine the latitude of how far north or south they were ________- invented by the Chinese.

Gold

________ (wealth) God (missionary)- religion becomes the moral justification for everything.

Caribbean

________ and Pacific Ocean was not known at the time Where the European nations explored- Africa, Americas, Southeast Asia, Eastern Asia Motive for the European nations to explore- Inspired by Marco Polo.

Manchu

________ have a strong military presence to ensure loyalty and make sure rebellion doesn't occur.

Brazil Pedro Cabral

Colonized ________- Claimed Brazil for Portugal.

Philippines Christopher Columbus

Colonized ________- Italian navigator.

Centralizes power

________ and creates a bureaucracy.

Magellan

________ is killed by natives Straits of Magellan Southern tip of South America circumnavigate to sail completely around the world Motive for globe division- both Portugal and Spain brings in competition of fighting over new land Pope Alexzander VI- wants to make sure Christianity is spread in the areas where Spain and Portugal come in contact w /their new land.

Mughal Empire

Located south of the ________ in India, Goa, Malacca and, briefly, Indonesia.

Known World

Europe, Asia, and Africa all knew of each other

Spain Results of Portugal and Spain starting to explore

both become very wealthy and powerful once they establish trade routs and dominion over non-European people

Gold (wealth) God (missionary)

religion becomes the moral justification for everything

mainly spread catholicism Glory (fame)

justified by the God part of exploration

similar to the renaissance spirit of curiosity, wanting fame ad having the spirit of inquiry Gold (wealth)

having a wealthy trade route

find gold and silver in america Intention for finding a trade route (apart of Gold for exploration)

looking for spices

Risk superstitions due to fear of unknown

believed parts of the ocean towards the equator would boil and th ships would burn

This kept people from wanting to explore and from wanting to pay people to explore bc they thought it would never succeed * Sickness

while exploring exposing yourself to sicknesses

More accurate maps detailing the shape of coastlines and the distances between ports Magnetic Compass and Astrolabe

both brought to Europe by the muslims

allowed sailors to know were they are on earth despite having land in sight Astrolabe

invented by the Arabs

the angle helped sailors determine the latitude of how far north or south they were Magnetic Compass

invented by the Chinese

brought to Europe by the Muslims from China Improved ships

the Portuguese are the 1st to use the ships called Caravels

having a large cargo hold to withstand waves and to bring back items from exploring Caravels

light, fast, sailing ships

had triangular sails (catch wind easier) Accurate Maps

the coastlines of africa and asia much more detailed

the more people explore the more accurate the maps become *cartographers *Portolan Maps Cartographers mapmakers Portolan Maps navigational map based on compass direction Portugal's Trade route

look for the all-water route by sailing around Africa and heading East into the Indian Ocean around the southernmost tip of Africa

want to bring fae to Portugal as a whole to make it the most powerful nation in Europe Portugal's Explorers

Prince Henry the Navigator

most famous for finding a school for navigators *teach people how make maps, navigate, and be sailors Bartholomeu Dias

makes it to the southern most tip of Africa *names it "The Cape of Storms"

tell king queen abt what he discovered and they rename it "The Cape of Good Hope" Vasco da Gama

follows the same route as Dias but crosses the indian ocean and makes it all the way to west coast of India

portugal now has a trade route to India HUGE SUCCESS Results of Portugal's exploration

contact and trade with costal Africa

colonized Brazil Pedro Cabral

Claimed Brazil for Portugal

sighted it on his voyage to India but never lands there Spain Route

looking for an all water route to Asia by sailing WEST across the Atlantic

never will find the route Spain's explorers

Christopher Columbus

both explorers are not Spanish Results of Spain's Exploration

created a strong, wealthy, overseas empire in the americas based on colonization and exploration

colonized Philippines Christopher Columbus

Italian navigator

made 3 voyages to the Americas never realized he was not in asia Ferdinand and Isabella

King and Queen of Spain

they really wanted the natives converted Items christopher brought back to Spain

exotic animals *parrots, plants, gold and natives

baptizes the natives as Christians Ferdinand Magellan

Portuguese but sailed for Spain

only on ship returned back to Spain w/ 18 people left Dangers of Magellan's Journey

have no idea how big and have no idea how far south the Americas go

problems finding food, water, scurvy outbreak, unfriendly natives Magellan in the Philippines

meets unfriendly natives

Line of demarcation Line of Demarcation

boundary between Spanish and Portuguese territories in the New World

Portugal= Africa, India, and Brazil -once the line is drawn they agree on the "Treaty of Tordesillas" Treaty of Tordesillas and results

divides the earth between Portugal and Spain *Results

they trade guns for gold, animal hides, ivory, and African slaves Netherlands' Encounter w/ Africa

2nd European country to establish a presence in Africa

themeselves in the Cape Town Cape Town

southern most part of Africa

those after him do not resist the slave trade Futa Toro

used to be Mali empire

forbids French slave traders to transport through the territory (resisting the slave trade) Asante Kingdom

welcome slave trade bc they want the money and guns

dependent on slave trade bc of the guns, wealth and power Osei Tutu leader of Asante Kingdom Oyo empire

Yoruba people

control over the spice trade Netherlands' encounter w/ Southeast Asia

will control the spice trade and indonesia

create Dutch East India Company Dutch East India Company

overseas trading group that was est

creates a strong merchant presence in India and controls trade Europe's encounter w/ East asia

Portugal is the 1st to interact w/ china

No interest in Catholicism Ming Dynasty

little interest in europe

Matteo Ricci

jesuit priest who was respected for his renaissance knowledge

when he interacts in China they are interested in his knowledge Manchu

nomadic

china becomes very powerful and prosperous Potato and Corn

during the Qing dynasty

easy to grow, high in calories, leads to an increase in crop output China's relationship with the Manchu

China does not like the Manchu

after the hairstyle is no longer required it will still remain bc Chinese men were afraid to have a different hairstyle Qing dynasty

remained the most advanced civilization

not under European power Lord Macartney

head of a diplomatic mission

refuses the Kowtow and demands respect from the emperor China's faults

fails to realize Europe s advancing very quickly and progressing @ a fast rate

makes the Tokugawa shogunate worried Tokugawa Shogunate and Christianity

Began to see Christianity as a threat bc they believed would begin to follow the Pope and not the shogun

Japanese people were no longer allowed to travel abroad and no more building of large ships Nagasaki

limit the European contact with only this harbor open

Known World

- Europe, Asia, and Africa all knew of each other
- knew Australia existed but did not know a lot
- North and South America were unknown @ the time
- Caribbean and Pacific Ocean was not known at the time

Where the European nations explored

- Africa, Americas, Southeast Asia, Eastern Asia

Motive for the European nations to explore

- Inspired by Marco Polo
- wanted to find an all-water route to Asia
- do not want to go through the Italians and Arabs bc they control the land trade routes to Asia

Iberian Peninsula

where Spain and Portugal are located

1st and 2nd nations to explore

1. Portugal
2. Spain

Results of Portugal and Spain starting to explore

- both become very wealthy and powerful once they establish trade routs and dominion over non-European people
- inspire the Netherlands, France, and England to join the idea of exploration

Italy's exploration

- doesn't need to explore bc they already have control over a land trade route

Motives for Exploration

- God (missionary)
- Glory (fame)
- Gold (wealth)

God (missionary)

- religion becomes the moral justification for everything
- desire to spread Christianity and convert the native people (Asia and Africa) of the faraway lands
- mainly spread catholicism

Glory (fame)

- justified by the God part of exploration
- inspired by Marco Polo's book abt Kublai khan and introduces Europe to the exotic cultures
*with his fame inspires other men to want to explore to become famous like him
- similar to the renaissance spirit of curiosity, wanting fame ad having the spirit of inquiry

Gold (wealth)

- having a wealthy trade route
- once the water trade route is established Europe will begin to make a lot of money due to being the Continent controlling the trade route and the explorer who founded the trade route will also become famous and wealthy
- sailors and explorers are hoping to become very wealthy
- find gold and silver in america

Intention for finding a trade route (apart of Gold for exploration)

- looking for spices
- spices come from Moluccas
- Italy and the Muslims have the land trade route for the spices and controlling Europe's trade

Moluccas

set of island or spice islands

Obstacles for exploration

1. Superstitions due to fear of unknown
2. Sickness
3. Risk

superstitions due to fear of unknown

- believed parts of the ocean towards the equator would boil and th ships would burn
- ocean full of sea monsters
- the earth was flat and if they sailed too close to the edge they would fall off the face of the earth
- the had endless whirlpools that would suck you in and kill you
* This kept people from wanting to explore and from wanting to pay people to explore bc they thought it would never succeed *

Sickness

- while exploring exposing yourself to sicknesses
- not sure how long it would take to get to a destination so they were unsure of how much food and water they should pack
- food would be hard biscuits and meats
*food a week later would have worms, moldy, or eaten by mice
- could not bring fresh healthy foods like fruits and vegetables>> very unhealthy diet
- lack of vitamin C leading to scruvies

Scruvy

- a disease associated w/ sailors where their gums would rot w/o vitamin C and teeth would fall out

Risk

- encountering hostile natives
- bloodshed battles often leading to death
- risk of making it back home

innovations in technology

1. magnetic compass and astrolabe
2. Improved Ships
3. More accurate maps detailing the shape of coastlines and the distances between ports

Magnetic Compass and Astrolabe

- both brought to Europe by the muslims
- used to improve navigation, determine location, plot courses
- used the sun and stars in relationship to the horizons
- allowed sailors to know were they are on earth despite having land in sight

Astrolabe

- invented by the Arabs
- helps determine latitude
- look through device at the sun or a star and determine it's angle by using degrees marked on the instrument
- the angle helped sailors determine the latitude of how far north or south they were

Magnetic Compass

- invented by the Chinese
- brought to Europe by the Muslims from China

Improved ships

- the Portuguese are the 1st to use the ships called Caravels
- carried canons to protect the ships
- the improved ships encouraged exploration bc new ships are easier to control
-having a ship that can carry canons comes in handy with unfriendly natives
- having a large cargo hold to withstand waves and to bring back items from exploring

Caravels

- light, fast, sailing ships
- easy to maneuver
- had triangular sails (catch wind easier)

Accurate Maps

- the coastlines of africa and asia much more detailed
- distances between ports much more accurate
- the more people explore the more accurate the maps become
*cartographers
*Portolan Maps

Cartographers

mapmakers

Portolan Maps

navigational map based on compass direction

Portugal's Trade route

- look for the all-water route by sailing around Africa and heading East into the Indian Ocean around the southernmost tip of Africa
- hoping find Christian converts
- want to bring fae to Portugal as a whole to make it the most powerful nation in Europe

Portugal's Explorers

- Prince Henry the Navigator
- Bartholomeu Dias
- Vasco da Gama

Prince Henry the Navigator

*1419
- 1st explorer in portugal and 1st to explore the west coast of Africa
* Masoor and Madera islands
- doesn't travel very far down the coast of africa
- establishes a European presence right off the coast of africa
- most famous for finding a school for navigators
*teach people how make maps, navigate, and be sailors

Bartholomeu Dias

- makes it to the southern most tip of Africa
*names it "The Cape of Storms"
- crew threatens mutiny and does not round to India
- tell king queen abt what he discovered and they rename it "The Cape of Good Hope"

Vasco da Gama

- follows the same route as Dias but crosses the indian ocean and makes it all the way to west coast of India
- leads with 4 ships and returns with 2
- establishes a trade route w/ West coast of India
- 2 ships back full of goods like spices
- makes over 3000% in profit
- portugal now has a trade route to India
*HUGE SUCCESS*

Results of Portugal's exploration

- contact and trade with costal Africa
- limited trading empire in Indian Ocean w/ East africa, India and Indonesia
- colonized Brazil

Pedro Cabral

- Claimed Brazil for Portugal
- sighted it on his voyage to India but never lands there

Spain Route

- looking for an all water route to Asia by sailing WEST across the Atlantic
- route could have been viable if north and south america
- never will find the route

Spain's explorers

- Christopher Columbus
- Ferdinand Magellan
* both explorers are not Spanish

Results of Spain's Exploration

- created a strong, wealthy, overseas empire in the americas based on colonization and exploration
- colonized Philippines

Christopher Columbus

- Italian navigator
- sailed for Spain, given money by Ferdinand and Isabella
- thought he could sail from Europe to Asia by going west
* did not work bc of the Americas and how big the earth is
- was given 3 ships by Ferdinand and Isabella
- his voyage last very long and lands in Oct.
- believe he has landed in the east indies but actually the Caribbean & explored central America
- referred to the natives as Indians
- refers to the new land as west indies
- made 3 voyages to the Americas never realized he was not in asia

Ferdinand and Isabella

- King and Queen of Spain
- funded Columbus bc he agreed to spread catholicism and will bring wealth to Spain making them a powerful nation
- they really wanted the natives converted

Items christopher brought back to Spain

- exotic animals
*parrots, plants, gold and natives
- baptizes the natives as Christians