Europe, Africa, Asia

Known World - Europe, Asia, and Africa all knew of each other

• knew Australia existed but did not know a lot
• North and South America were unknown @ the time
• Caribbean and Pacific Ocean was not known at the time
  Where the European nations explored - Africa, Americas, Southeast Asia, Eastern Asia
  Motive for the European nations to explore - Inspired by Marco Polo
• wanted to find an all-water route to Asia
• do not want to go through the Italians and Arabs bc they control the land trade routes to Asia
  Iberian Peninsula where Spain and Portugal are located
  1st and 2nd nations to explore 1. Portugal

1. Spain
   Results of Portugal and Spain starting to explore - both become very wealthy and powerful once they establish trade routs and dominion over non-European people

• inspire the Netherlands, France, and England to join the idea of exploration
  Italy's exploration - doesn't need to explore bc they already have control over a land trade route
  Motives for Exploration - God (missionary)
• Glory (fame)
• Gold (wealth)
  God (missionary) - religion becomes the moral justification for everything
• desire to spread Christianity and convert the native people (Asia and Africa) of the faraway lands
• mainly spread catholicism
  Glory (fame) - justified by the God part of exploration
• inspired by Marco Polo's book abt Kublai khan and introduces Europe to the exotic cultures
  *with his fame inspires other men to want to explore to become famous like him
• similar to the renaissance spirit of curiosity, wanting fame ad having the spirit of inquiry
  Gold (wealth) - having a wealthy trade route
• once the water trade route is established Europe will begin to make a lot of money due to being the Continent controlling the trade route and the explorer who founded the trade route will also become famous and wealthy
• sailors and explorers are hoping to become very wealthy
• find gold and silver in america
  Intention for finding a trade route (apart of Gold for exploration) - looking for spices
• spices come from Moluccas
• Italy and the Muslims have the land trade route for the spices and controlling Europe's trade
  Moluccas set of island or spice islands
  Obstacles for exploration 1. Superstitions due to fear of unknown

1. Sickness
2. Risk
   superstitions due to fear of unknown - believed parts of the ocean towards the equator would boil and th ships would burn

• ocean full of sea monsters

• the earth was flat and if they sailed too close to the edge they would fall off the face of the earth

• the had endless whirlpools that would suck you in and kill you

• This kept people from wanting to explore and from wanting to pay people to explore bc they thought it would never succeed *
  Sickness - while exploring exposing yourself to sicknesses

• not sure how long it would take to get to a destination so they were unsure of how much food and water they should pack

• food would be hard biscuits and meats
  *food a week later would have worms, moldy, or eaten by mice

• could not bring fresh healthy foods like fruits and vegetables>> very unhealthy diet

• lack of vitamin C leading to scruvies
  Scruvy - a disease associated w/ sailors where their gums would rot w/o vitamin C and teeth would fall out
  Risk - encountering hostile natives

• bloodshed battles often leading to death

• risk of making it back home
  innovations in technology 1. magnetic compass and astrolabe

1. Improved Ships
2. More accurate maps detailing the shape of coastlines and the distances between ports
   Magnetic Compass and Astrolabe - both brought to Europe by the muslims

• used to improve navigation, determine location, plot courses

• used the sun and stars in relationship to the horizons

• allowed sailors to know were they are on earth despite having land in sight
  Astrolabe - invented by the Arabs

• helps determine latitude

• look through device at the sun or a star and determine it's angle by using degrees marked on the instrument

• the angle helped sailors determine the latitude of how far north or south they were
  Magnetic Compass - invented by the Chinese

• brought to Europe by the Muslims from China
  Improved ships - the Portuguese are the 1st to use the ships called Caravels

• carried canons to protect the ships

• the improved ships encouraged exploration bc new ships are easier to control
  -having a ship that can carry canons comes in handy with unfriendly natives

• having a large cargo hold to withstand waves and to bring back items from exploring
  Caravels - light, fast, sailing ships

• easy to maneuver

• had triangular sails (catch wind easier)
  Accurate Maps - the coastlines of africa and asia much more detailed

• distances between ports much more accurate

• the more people explore the more accurate the maps become
  *cartographers
  *Portolan Maps
  Cartographers mapmakers
  Portolan Maps navigational map based on compass direction
  Portugal's Trade route - look for the all-water route by sailing around Africa and heading East into the Indian Ocean around the southernmost tip of Africa

• hoping find Christian converts

• want to bring fae to Portugal as a whole to make it the most powerful nation in Europe
  Portugal's Explorers - Prince Henry the Navigator

• Bartholomeu Dias

• Vasco da Gama
  Prince Henry the Navigator *1419

• 1st explorer in portugal and 1st to explore the west coast of Africa

• Masoor and Madera islands

• doesn't travel very far down the coast of africa

• establishes a European presence right off the coast of africa

• most famous for finding a school for navigators
  *teach people how make maps, navigate, and be sailors
  Bartholomeu Dias - makes it to the southern most tip of Africa
  *names it "The Cape of Storms"

• crew threatens mutiny and does not round to India

• tell king queen abt what he discovered and they rename it "The Cape of Good Hope"
  Vasco da Gama - follows the same route as Dias but crosses the indian ocean and makes it all the way to west coast of India

• leads with 4 ships and returns with 2

• establishes a trade route w/ West coast of India

• 2 ships back full of goods like spices

• makes over 3000% in profit

• portugal now has a trade route to India
  HUGE SUCCESS
  Results of Portugal's exploration - contact and trade with costal Africa

• limited trading empire in Indian Ocean w/ East africa, India and Indonesia

• colonized Brazil
  Pedro Cabral - Claimed Brazil for Portugal

• sighted it on his voyage to India but never lands there
  Spain Route - looking for an all water route to Asia by sailing WEST across the Atlantic

• route could have been viable if north and south america

• never will find the route
  Spain's explorers - Christopher Columbus

• Ferdinand Magellan

• both explorers are not Spanish
  Results of Spain's Exploration - created a strong, wealthy, overseas empire in the americas based on colonization and exploration

• colonized Philippines
  Christopher Columbus - Italian navigator

• sailed for Spain, given money by Ferdinand and Isabella

• thought he could sail from Europe to Asia by going west

• did not work bc of the Americas and how big the earth is

• was given 3 ships by Ferdinand and Isabella

• his voyage last very long and lands in Oct.

• believe he has landed in the east indies but actually the Caribbean & explored central America

• referred to the natives as Indians

• refers to the new land as west indies

• made 3 voyages to the Americas never realized he was not in asia
  Ferdinand and Isabella - King and Queen of Spain

• funded Columbus bc he agreed to spread catholicism and will bring wealth to Spain making them a powerful nation

• they really wanted the natives converted
  Items christopher brought back to Spain - exotic animals
  *parrots, plants, gold and natives

• baptizes the natives as Christians
  Ferdinand Magellan - Portuguese but sailed for Spain

• goes to king Charles V bc Portugal will not fund him

• has to give up Portuguese citizenship in order to sail for Spain

• given 5 ships for finding an all-water route to Asia

• names the pacific ocean

• name the Philippines after the future King of Spain King Philip

• 1st to circumnavigate the globe

• voyage not successful in finding all-water route to Asia

• only on ship returned back to Spain w/ 18 people left
  Dangers of Magellan's Journey - have no idea how big and have no idea how far south the Americas go

• suffers threats of mutiny and extreme cold

• problems finding food, water, scurvy outbreak, unfriendly natives
  Magellan in the Philippines - meets unfriendly natives

• many people convert to Christianity

• Magellan is killed by natives
  Straits of Magellan Southern tip of South America
  circumnavigate to sail completely around the world
  Motive for globe division - both Portugal and Spain brings in competition of fighting over new land
  Pope Alexzander VI - wants to make sure Christianity is spread in the areas where Spain and Portugal come in contact w/ their new land

• Pope decides to divide the world between the 2 catholic countries bc he doesn't want to see blood shed

• Line of demarcation
  Line of Demarcation - boundary between Spanish and Portuguese territories in the New World

• Spain= Americas and the Philippines

• Portugal= Africa, India, and Brazil
  -once the line is drawn they agree on the "Treaty of Tordesillas"
  Treaty of Tordesillas and results - divides the earth between Portugal and Spain
  *Results:

• Other European nations like England, Netherlands, and France annoyed bc they are Christian countries and supporters of the Pope but were cut out of the treaty.

• they accept the treaty no matter what
  Europe encounters Africa - Europe establishes a presence in Africa but does not control it bc it is too big
  Portugal's encounter with Africa - 1st European country to get to Africa

• stay on the West and East coast of Africa and only engage in tribes with the Consent of the tribal leader

• establish a trading post which allow interaction w/ Africans

• Portugal does NOT establish dominance

• they trade guns for gold, animal hides, ivory, and African slaves
  Netherlands' Encounter w/ Africa - 2nd European country to establish a presence in Africa

• Est. themeselves in the Cape Town
  Cape Town - southern most part of Africa

• 1st permanent European settlement in Africa

• Dutch settle here

• located here to supply ships and sail back and forth to Asia

• settlers become known as the Boers
  Boers (definition) - Dutch farmers who settled in Cape Town
  Boers - very small settlement

• from calvinist religion (not interested in conversion)

• try to move north to gain more land but leads to battles w/ tribes
  Europe commercializing the Slave Trade *biggest impact Europe has on Africa

• African tribal groups enslaved Africans from other tribal groups

• slaves become the #1 trading god in America

• would receive slaves by one African tribal group would conquer another then sell them into slavery to the Arabs.

• got Africans to agree by the Europeans paying them w/ guns bc it allows those African tribes to be on top

• wasn't abt race for Africans when they had slaves but for europe it was
  African Tribal groups in slave Trade - some groups resist the slave trade and som accept it to become more powerful
  Affonso I - king of Kongo

• learned Portuguese

• missionaries come to Kongo to est. catholic presence

• converted to Christianity

• changed his name, Nzinga Mbemba

• realizes his relationship w/ Portugal will lead to negative consequences

• appeals Portugal to end the slave trade
  *keeps Christian contact but wants to limit his reaction w/ them

• those after him do not resist the slave trade
  Futa Toro - used to be Mali empire

• arabic

• forbids French slave traders to transport through the territory (resisting the slave trade)
  Asante Kingdom - welcome slave trade bc they want the money and guns

• conquer interior tribal groups for the Europeans

• conquers neighboring tribes

• centralizes power and creates a bureaucracy

• dependent on slave trade bc of the guns, wealth and power
  Osei Tutu leader of Asante Kingdom
  Oyo empire - Yoruba people

• use wealth from slave trade to build army that allows them to conquer all of their rivals, one being the dahomey kingdom

• dependent on slave trade bc of the guns, wealth and power
  Europe encounters Southeast Asia •Europe establishes a presence but cannot control or colonize Asia
  •Trade occurring only with the consent of local people
  • mostly coastal trading outposts, little conversion, no conquering or colonizing
  outpost - trading empires that have distant areas around the southern seas under the control of merchants and the military
  Portugal's encounter w/ Southeast asia - builds a spice trade empire in the Indian Ocean

• located south of the Mughal Empire in India, Goa, Malacca and, briefly, Indonesia

• have canons which help them create outpost

• dutch will take Indonesia from Portugal
  Malacca where portugal est. control over the spice trade
  Netherlands' encounter w/ Southeast Asia - will control the spice trade and indonesia

• 2nd European nation in asia and challenges portugal

• create Dutch East India Company
  Dutch East India Company - overseas trading group that was est. by a group of wealthy Dutch merchants

• when they arrive in southeast asia they are independent from the king and queen in the Netherlands

• powerful and make decisions

• have their own army and negotiate themselves w/ local rulers

• dominate overseas territories

• make very close ties w/ local rulers
  Spain's encouter w/ southeast asia - conquering and conversion in the Philippines
  England's encounter w/ southeast Asia - explores through British east India Company

• comes to India while the Mughal Empire is falling

• creates a strong merchant presence in India and controls trade
  Europe's encounter w/ East asia - Portugal is the 1st to interact w/ china

• Europe wants to explore East Asia for the Chinese goods ( silk and porcelain)
  *had little to trade in return

• allowed China to control the trade relationship

• limited the trading to two ports and china demanded gold and silver than trading goods

• No interest in Catholicism
  Ming Dynasty - little interest in europe

• ethnocentric and isolationist

• ended the Zheng He expeditions
  Macao and Canton the only two ports in Ming China where Europeans were allowed to trade.
  Matteo Ricci - jesuit priest who was respected for his renaissance knowledge

• when he interacts in China they are interested in his knowledge
  Manchu - nomadic

• Northeast Asian peoples who defeated the Ming Dynasty and founded the Qing Dynasty

• rule over a large area

• population growth

• china becomes very powerful and prosperous
  Potato and Corn - during the Qing dynasty

• introduced to American crops

• easy to grow, high in calories, leads to an increase in crop output
  China's relationship with the Manchu - China does not like the Manchu

• Manchu adopt a lot of Chinese political traditions

• Manchu have a strong military presence to ensure loyalty and make sure rebellion doesn't occur

• Manchu keep themselves separate socially from China
  *ex: intermarriage, footbinding, and create the Queue order
  Queue Order - Manchu hairstyle
  *Shave head all the way to the ears and then grow it out and braid it. the braid is known as a Queue

• Chinese did not agree w/ hairstyle bc it went against Confucius teachings

• visibly noticeable who was Manchu and who was not

• Forced the Chinese men to wear the hairstyle if not, they were viewed as the enemy

• symbol of Chinese submission, if you refused >>execution

• widespread resistance leads to a massacre (2x)

• purpose of the order was to erase Chinese pride, identity, and culture

• after the hairstyle is no longer required it will still remain bc Chinese men were afraid to have a different hairstyle
  Qing dynasty - remained the most advanced civilization

• able to control trade

• able to control religious influence

• remained isolated from direct foreign intervention

• not under European power
  Lord Macartney - head of a diplomatic mission

• brings British goods to convince the Emperor of China, Qianlong, to trade with them

• refuses the Kowtow and demands respect from the emperor
  China's faults - fails to realize Europe s advancing very quickly and progressing @ a fast rate

• By China not really interacting / Europe they will not learn from their advancements and will get behind
  korea - isolates themselves from Europe
  Japan - the Shogunate interacted w/ the Portuguese bc they had something that interested them (GUNS)

• Japanese people convert to Christianity

• makes the Tokugawa shogunate worried
  Tokugawa Shogunate and Christianity - Began to see Christianity as a threat bc they believed would begin to follow the Pope and not the shogun

• thought it would take over Japan religiously, commercially and militarily

• expel all foreign missionaries

• persecute ANY christians living in Japan

• kill thousands of Japanese who refused to renounce Christianity

• Japanese people were no longer allowed to travel abroad and no more building of large ships
  Nagasaki - limit the European contact with only this harbor open

• Japanese remains in contact w/ the Dutch bc they are not catholic