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nervous system
one of the most amazing designs in God’s living creation
neurobiologist
a biologist who studies the nervous system
neurologist
a physician who specializes in disorders of the nervous system
central nervous system
includes the brain and the spinal cord
peripheral nervous system
consists of the nerves that branch from the brain and spinal cord
brain
the principal organ of the nervous system
cranium
what is the central nervous system protected by?
spinal cord
thick bundle of nerve fibers located within the spinal cavity
spinal nerves
transmit nerve signals to and from the rest of the body
cranial nerves
branch directly from the brain stem and transmit nerve signals to and from the eyes, ears, mouth, face, and scalp
meninges
composed of an outer layer called the dura mater, a middle layer called the arachnoid mater, and an inner layer called the pia mater
dura mater
one of the strongest tissues of the body; serves primarily as a flexible protective layer
arachnoid mater
composed of thin fibers, like the fibers of a spider’s web, that form an intricate three-dimensional network around the brain
pia mater
forms a delicate covering that rests directly against the brain and spinal cord
cerebrospinal fluid
clear fluid that circulates through the fibers of the arachnoid mater, cushioning the brain when you bump your head
glial cells
support and insulate nerve tissue
neurons
the actual nerve cells
cell body
contains a nucleus (which controls its metabolic activities) and most of the nerve cell’s cytoplasm
dendrite
a short, branched extension of the cell that receives nerve impulses from other neurons and conducts them toward the cell body
axon
a long extension that relays nerve impulses from the cell body to other neurons
gray matter
found within the brain and spinal cord; consists largely of the cell bodies of neurons and is gray because the cell bodies lack the white, specialized covering known as myelin
myelin
white, specialized covering
white matter
composed of axons and glial cells that are white because of their myelin content
ganglia
masses of cell bodies
plexus
a network of interconnected nerve fibers going to or from a region
brachial plexus
located at the back of the neck and shoulder; branches to form the median nerve and other arm nerves
nerve center
group of cell bodies in the brain or spinal cord
medulla oblongata
peripheral nervous system
consists of nerves
nerves
bundles of nerve fibers (axons) branching from the brain and spinal cord and connecting the central nervous system to the extremities of the body
sciatic nerve
one of the longest nerves in the body; connects the leg extremities with the spinal cord in the lower back
cranial
spinal
two answer fill in the blank
there are twelve pairs of ________ nerves (branching directly from the brain) and thirty-one pairs of _______ nerves (connected to the brain through the spinal cord)
mixed nerves
nerves contain both sensory and motor fibers
sensory nerve fibers
carry impulses from light, taste, sound, touch, and pain from other parts of the body to the spinal cord and brain for analysis
motor nerve fibers
carry impulses from the brain and spinal cord to produce action in muscles and organs
autonomic nervous system
the part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the heart and other internal organs
hypothalamus
controls the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system
sympathetic division
generally responds to your body’s needs during increased activity and in emergency situations by causing heartbeat and breathing rates to increase, thus supplying more blood to your body so that you can respond quickly
parasympathetic division
acts as a balance to counteract the actions of the sympathetic division
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