Abnormal Exam 3 Concept Checks

binge-eating disorder

Manny has been having episodes lately when he eats prodigious amounts of food. He’s been putting on a lot of weight because of it

bulimia nervosa

I noticed Elena eating a whole pie, a cake, and two bags of potato chips the other day when she didn’t know I was there. She ran to the bathroom when she was finished and it sounded like she was vomiting. This disorder can lead to an electrolyte imbalance, resulting in serious medical problems

bulimia nervosa

Joo-Yeon eats large quantities of food in a short time. She then takes laxatives and exercises for long periods to prevent weight gain. She has been doing this almost daily for several months and feels she will become worthless and ugly if she gains even an ounce

anorexia nervosa

Kirsten has lost several pounds and now weighs less than 90 pounds. She eats only a small portion of the food her mother serves her and fears that intake above her current 500 calories daily will make her fat. Since losing the weight, Kirsten has stopped having periods. She sees a fat person in the mirror

true

Many young women with eating disorders have a diminished sense of personal control and confidence in their own abilities and talents, are perfectionists, and/or are intensely preoccupied with how they appear to others

true

Biological limitations, as well as the societal pressure to use diet and exercise to achieve nearly impossible weight goals, contribute to the high number of people with anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa

false (females find a smaller size more attractive than do men)

One study showed that males consider a smaller female body size to be more attractive than women do

false (they help with bulimia nervosa, not anorexia)

Antidepressants help individuals overcome anorexia nervosa but have no effect on bulimia nervosa

true

Cognitive-behavioral treatment (CBT) and interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT) are both successful treatments for bulimia nervosa, although CBT is the preferred method

true

Attention must be focused on dysfunctional attitudes about body shape in anorexia, or relapse will most likely occur after treatment

true

Obesity is the single most expensive health problem in the United States, surpassing both smoking and alcohol abuse

false (it’s at least one third or more)

Individuals with night eating syndrome consume at least half their daily intake after their evening meal

false

Fatty foods and technology are not to blame for the obesity epidemic in the United States

true

Professionally directed behavior modification programs represent the most successful treatment for obesity

breathing-related sleep disorder

Timothy wakes up frequently every night because he feels he is about to hyperventilate. He can’t seem to get enough air, and many times his wife will wake him to tell him to quit snoring. He is suffering from a(n) ___

Narcolepsy

Sonia has problems staying awake throughout the day. Even while talking on the phone or riding the bus, she unexpectedly loses muscle tone and falls asleep for a while. This is due to _____

Sleep paralysis

Jaime sometimes awakens and cannot move or speak. This is a particularly frightening experience known as _____

Circadian rhythm sleep disorder

Brett has started a new job that requires him to change shifts monthly. He sometimes has day shifts and at other times has night shifts. Since then he has had considerable trouble sleeping

Sleep apnea

Rama is extremely overweight. His wife suspects he may be suffering from _____ because he snores every night and often wakes up exhausted as though he never slept

Hypersomnolence disorder

Melinda sleeps all night and still finds herself falling asleep throughout the next day. This happens even when she goes to bed early and gets up as late as possible

Nightmares

Jaclyn’s dad is sometimes awakened by his daughter’s screams. He runs to Jaclyn’s room to comfort her and is eventually able to calm her down. Jaclyn usually explains that she was being chased by a big, one-eyed, purple monster. The events typically happen after watching scary movies with friends

Sleep terrors

Sho-jen’s parents hear her piercing screams on many nights and rush to comfort her, but she does not respond. During these episodes, her heart rate is elevated, and her pajamas are soaked in sweat. When she gets up the next day, however, she has no memory of the experience

Nocturnal eating syndrome

Jack has made a serious commitment to his diet for more than a month but continues to gain weight. He has no memory of eating but noticed that food is always missing from the refrigerator

scheduled awakenings

Karen wakes up screaming every night, disregarding her parents’ efforts to comfort her. Her heart rate is elevated in these episodes, and her pajamas are soaked in sweat. The next day, she has no memory of the experience. To help reduce these night terrors, Karen’s pediatrician used ______

benzodiazepines

After George’s wife died at the age of 68, he could not sleep. To help him through the hardest first week, Dr. Brown prescribed _____ for his insomnia

sleep hygiene

Carl’s doctor suggested some relatively simple lifestyle changes otherwise known as good ____ when he expressed concern about developing a sleep disorder

use disorder

Giya started a new job 5 weeks ago and is about to be fired. This is her third job this year. She has been absent from work at least once a week for the past 5 weeks. She was reprimanded in the past after being seen at a local pub in a drunken state during her regular office hours although she called in sick. At her previous job, she was fired after she came to work unable to conduct herself appropriately and with alcohol on her breath. When confronted about her problems, Giya went to the nearest bar and drank some more to try to forget about the situation

Intoxication

Brennan scored the winning goal for his high school soccer team and his friends take him out to celebrate. He doesn’t smoke, but he doesn’t mind drinking alcohol occasionally. Because Brennan had such a good game, he decides to have a few drinks. Despite his great performance in the game, he is easily irritated, laughing one minute and yelling the next. The more Brennan rambles on about his game-winning goal, the more difficult it is to understand him

Use disorder

Marti is a 24-year-old college student who started drinking heavily when he was 15. Marti drinks a moderate amount every night, unlike his schoolmates who get drunk at weekend parties. In high school, he would become drunk after about four beers; now his tolerance has more than doubled. Marti claims alcohol relieves the pressures of college life. He once attempted to quit drinking, but he had chills, fever, diarrhea, nausea and vomiting, and body aches and pains

Use

Over the past year, Henry picked up a habit of having a cigarette every day after lunch. Instead of sitting in the lounge with his friends he goes to his favorite spot in the courtyard and has a cigarette. If for some reason he is unable to have his cigarette after lunch, he is not dependent on it and can still function normally

impulse-control disoder

disorder that deprives a person of the ability to resist acting on a drive or temptation

alcohol use disorder

disorder in which the effects of the drug impede the ability to function properly by affecting vision, motor control, reaction time, memory, and hearing

dementia

the decline of intellectual ability through, for example, excess consumption of alcohol

substance-related and addictive disorder

a class of disorders that affects the way people think, feel, and behave

false (the use of crack by pregnant mothers adversely affects only some babies)

use of crack cocaine by a pregnant woman always adversely affects the developing fetus

true

regular use of stimulants can result in tolerance and dependence on the drugs

true

amphetamines have been used as appetite suppressants

false (cannabis produces the most variable reactions in people)

compared with all other drugs, caffeine can produce the most variable reactions in people

false (amphetamines are produced in labs)

amphetamines are naturally occurring drugs that induce feelings of elation and vigor and can reduce fatigue

true

an ingredient of the beverage coca-cola in the 1800s was cocaine

false (stimulants occur naturally)

stimulants are produced only in a laboratory

caffeine

this is the most common psychoactive substance because it is legal, elevates mood, and decreases fatigue. It’s readily available in many beverages

cocaine

this substance causes euphoria, appetite loss, and increased alertness. Dependence appears after years of use. Mothers addicted to this have the potential to give birth to irritable babies

hallucinogens

these drugs, including LSD, influence perception, distorting feelings, sights, sounds, and smells

opioids

these lead to euphoria, drowsiness, and slowed breathing. These substances are analgesics, relieving pain. Users tend to be secretive, preventing a great deal of research in this area

nicotine

this substance stimulates the nervous system and relieves stress. DSM-5 describes withdrawal symptoms instead of an intoxication pattern

amphetamines

these create feelings of elation and vigor and reduce fatigue. They are prescribed to people with narcolepsy and ADHD

true

negative reinforcement is involved in the continuance of drug use, because drugs often provide escape from pain, stress, panic, and so on

true

research with both animals and humans indicates that substance abuse in general is affected by our genes, although not one particular gene

false (all have an effect)

the media and parental influences have no effect on adolescent drug use; it is solely a peer pressure factor

false (they would still act uninhibited)

the expectancy effect is illustrated when a person who expects to be less inhibited when drinking alcohol is given a placebo and acts of feels normally

true

to some extent, all psychoactive drugs provide a pleasurable experience, creating positive reinforcement

controlled drinking

____ is a controversial treatment for alcohol abuse because of a negative but flawed experimental finding, but also because it conflicts with the belief in total abstinence

agonist substitution

methadone is used to help heroin addicts kick their habit in a method called ______

antagonist

_____ drugs block or counteract the effects of psychoactive drugs and are sometimes effective in treating addicts

contingency management

In ______ the clinician and the client work together to decide which behaviors the client needs to change and which reinforcers will be used as rewards for reaching set goals

anonymous

It has been difficult to evaluate rigorously the effectiveness of Alcoholics Anonymous because the participants are ______

aversion therapy

In _____, substance use is paired with something extremely unpleasant (like alcohol and vomiting with Antabuse)

cross-tolerant

Heroin and methadone are _____, which means they affect the same neurotransmitter receptors

relapse prevention

the _____ model involves therapy that helps individuals remove ambivalence about stopping their drug use by examining their beliefs about the positive and negative aspects of drug use

covert sensitization

By imaging unpleasant scenes, the ____ technique helps the person associate the negative effects of the drug with drug use

dependent

unfortunately, the heroin addict may become permanently ____ on methadone

intermittent explosive disorder

this rarely diagnosed disorder is characterized by episodes of aggressive impulses and can sometimes be treated with cognitive-behavioral interventions, drug treatments, or both

kleptomania

this disorder begins with the person feeling a sense of tension that is released and followed with pleasure after he has committed a robbery

gambling disorder

this disorder affects somewhere between 3% and 5% of the adult American population and is characterized by the need to gamble

pyromania

individuals with this disorder are preoccupied with fires and the equipment involved in setting and putting out fires

male hypoactive sexual desire disorder

after bob’s football team won the championship, his interest in sexual activity diminished. All his thoughts and fantasies centered on football and winning again next season, and his wife was threatening to leave him

female sexual interest/arousal disorder

Kelly has no real desire for sex. She has sex only because she feels that otherwise her husband may leave her

premature ejaculation

Aadarsh lacks the ability to control ejaculation. The majority of the time he ejaculates within seconds of penetration

female orgasmic disorder

Samantha came into the office because she is unable to reach orgasm. She loves her husband but stopped initiating sex.

true

Many physical and medical conditions and their treatments (for example, prescription medications) contribute to sexual dysfunction; however, many doctors are unaware of the connection

false (sometimes increases arousal)

Anxiety always decreases or even eradicates sexual arousal

true

sexual dysfunctions can result from a growing dislike for a partner, traumatic sexual events, or childhood lessons about the negative consequences of sexual behavior

true

a simple, effective treatment for many disorders is education

false (non-demand pleasuring, squeeze technique, and so on)

all sexual dysfunctions are treated with the same psychosocial technique

true

most surgical and pharmacological treatments of recent years have focused on erectile disorder

sexual masochism disorder

Mae enjoys being slapped with leather whips during foreplay. Without such stimulation, she is unable to achieve orgasm during sex

fetishistic disorder

Kai has a collection of women’s panties that arouse him. He loves to look at, collect, and wear them

exhibitionistic disorder

Sam finds arousal in walking up to strangers in the park and showing them his genitals

voyeuristic disorder

Peeping Tom loves to look through Susie’s bedroom window and watch her undress. He gets extremely excited as she disrobes

exhibitionistic disorder

What peeping Tom does not realize is that Susie knows that he is watching. She is aroused by slowly undressing while others are watching, and she fantasizes about what they are thinking

fetishistic disorder

What Peeping Tom will be shocked to find out is that “Susie” is actually Scott, a man who can become aroused only if he wears feminine clothing. Scott’s behavior is _____

more men masturbate and do it more often; men are more permissive about casual sex; women want more intimacy from sex, and so on

Name some gender differences that exist in sexual attitudes and sexual behavior

both heterosexuality and homosexuality are normal; genetic appear to play some role in the development of sexual preference

Which sexual preference or preferences are normal, and how are they developed?

gender dysphoria

Charlie always felt out of place with the boys. At a young age, he preferred to play with girls and insisted that his parents call him “Charlene.” He later claimed that he felt like a women trapped in a man’s body. What disorder could Charlie have?

abnormal hormone levels during development; social or parental influences

What could be the cause of gender dysphoria?

sex reassignment surgery; psychosocial treatment to adjust to expressed or desired gender

What is a treatment for gender dysphoria?

Comorbidity

____ refers to meeting diagnostic criteria for multiple disorders, which is particularly common among individuals with personality disorders

Cluster A, Cluster B, Cluster C

The personality disorders are divided into three clusters or groups: ____ contains the odd or eccentric disorders; *_____ contains the dramatic, emotional, and erratic disorders; and* ____ contains the anxious and fearful disorders

Categories

It’s debated whether personality disorders are extreme versions of otherwise normal personality variations (therefore classified as dimensions) or ways of relating that are different from psychologically healthy behavior (classified as _____)

Chronic

Personality disorders are described as _____ because unlike many disorders, they originate in childhood and continue throughout adulthood

Bias

Although gender differences are evident in the research of personality disorders, some differences in the findings may be the result of ______

Paranoid

Heidi trusts no one and wrongly believes other people want to harm her or cheat her out of her life earnings. She is sure her husband is secretly planning to leave her and take their three boys, although she has no proof. She no longer confides in friends or divulges and information to coworkers for fear that it will be used in a plot against her. She is usually tense and ready to argue about harmless comments made by family members

Schizotypal

Rebecca lives alone out in the country with her birds and has little contact with relatives or any other individuals in a nearby town. She is extremely concerned with pollution, fearing that harmful chemicals are in the air and water around her. She has developed her own water purification system and makes her own clothes. If it is necessary for her to go outside, she covers her body with excessive clothing and wears and face mask to avoid the contaminated air

Schizoid

Doug is a college student who has no close friend. He comes to class every day and sits in a corner and is sometimes seen having lunch alone of the park bench. Most students find him difficult to engage and complain about his lack of involvement in class activities but he appears indifferent to what others say. He has never had a girlfriend, and expresses no desire to have sex. He is meeting with a therapist only because his family tricked him into going

Borderline

Elaine has low self-esteem and usually feels empty unless she does dangerous and exciting things. She in involved in drugs and has casual sexual encounters, even with strangers. She threatens to commit suicide if her boyfriend suggests getting help or if he talks about leaving her. She alternates between passionately loving and hating him, sometimes going from one extreme to the next in a short time

Antisocial

Lance is 19 and has been in trouble with the law for the past 2 years. He lies to his parents, vandalizes buildings in the community, and often fights with others. He shows no remorse for the people he injures or the grief that he causes his ailing parents

Narcissistic

Nancy thinks she is the best at everything. She thinks her performance is always excellent, and is extremely critical of anyone else’s success. She constantly looks for admiration and reassurance from others

Histrionic

Samantha is known for being overly dramatic. She cries uncontrollably during sad movies, and we sometimes think that she is acting. She is vain and self-centered, interrupting many of our class conversations to discuss her personal life

Obsessive-compulsive

During a therapy session John gets up for a glass of water. Ten minutes later, John still is not back. He first had to clean the fountain area and neatly arrange the glasses before pouring his glass of water