note of anatomy unit- 11-16

Hemocytoblast

A hematopoietic stem cell that develops into a mature red blood cell (RBC) in approximately 5 to 7 days.

T Cells

Lymphocytes that mature in the thymus gland.

Antigen-Presenting Cells (APCs)

Cells that process foreign matter and display antigenic fragments to alert the immune system.

Agranulocytes

A group of WBCs that lack visible cytoplasmic granules, including lymphocytes and monocytes.

Fibrous pericardium

The tough, outer layer of the pericardium that protects the heart.

Parietal layer of serous pericardium

The inner lining of the fibrous pericardium.

Visceral layer of serous pericardium (epicardium)

The layer that covers the heart's surface.

Erythropoietin (EPO)

The hormone responsible for the rate of erythrocyte production, targeting the bone marrow.

Hemoglobin

An iron-bearing protein that transports the majority of oxygen in the blood.

Lower respiratory tract

Includes structures such as the trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and lungs.

Intercostal muscles

Muscles located between the ribs that assist with chest expansion and contraction during breathing.

Antibodies

Present in plasma, they attach to RBCs with differing surface antigens from the recipient.

Mucosa

The innermost layer of an organ, a moist mucous membrane lining the lumen.

Peristalsis

The alternating contractions of circular and longitudinal muscle layers that propel food through the pharynx into the esophagus.

Alimentary canal

The complete passage through which food passes, including the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, and anus.

Absorption

The process of transporting digestive end products from the GI tract lumen to the blood or lymph.

Pancreas

An organ that secretes enzymes into the duodenum.

Swallowing (deglutition)

A complex process involving the tongue, palate, pharynx, and esophagus.

Spleen

An organ that stores platelets and acts as a blood reservoir.

Lymphocytes

Type of WBC primarily involved in the lymphatic system.

Digestion valves

Control the flow of food and digestive juices through the gastrointestinal tract.

Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)

Acts as a sentinel to protect respiratory and digestive tracts from foreign matter.

Capillaries

Where gas exchange occurs between blood and body cells.

Neutrophils

WBCs that are phagocytic and ingest bacteria and debris.

Lymphocytes

WBCs that include B cells (produce antibodies) and T cells (destroy infected cells).

Monocytes

WBCs that differentiate into macrophages, phagocytizing pathogens and dead cells.

Eosinophils

WBCs that combat parasites and are involved in allergic reactions.

Basophils

WBCs that release histamine during allergic reactions and are involved in inflammation.

Inhalation

A process where the diaphragm contracts and intercostal muscles expand the ribs.

Propulsion

The forward movement of food through the digestive tract.

Expiration

The process of exhaling when intrapulmonary volume decreases and pressure rises.

Vital capacity

The sum of tidal volume plus inspiratory and expiratory reserve volumes.

Innate immunity

The body's first line of defense, including physical barriers and inflammation.

Adaptive immunity

Specific immune response targeting pathogens through B cells and T cells.

Natural Killer (NK) cells

WBCs that promote cell lysis against virus-infected or cancerous cells.

IgG

The most abundant immunoglobulin, providing long-term immunity and crossing the placenta.

IgA

Found in mucous membranes, protecting against pathogens in respiratory and digestive tracts.

IgM

The first antibody produced in response to infection, effective in agglutination.

IgD

Functions mainly as a receptor on B cells.

IgE

Involved in allergic reactions and defense against parasitic infections.

Internodal pathways

Fibers that transmit impulses from the SA node to the AV node.

Bundle of His

Fibers that receive conductive signals from the AV node.

Total Metabolic Rate (TMR)

Increases with muscle activity rather than decreases.

Semilunar valves

Prevent backflow of blood from the arteries into the ventricles during relaxation.

Larynx

Formed by eight rigid hyaline cartilages and a spoon-shaped flap of elastic cartilage.

Cardiovascular system

The system comprised of the heart and blood vessels responsible for circulating blood throughout the body.

Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells)

Cells that carry oxygen from the lungs to the body and transport carbon dioxide back to the lungs.

Platelets (Thrombocytes)

Cell fragments that play a crucial role in blood clotting.

Hemostasis

The process that prevents and stops bleeding, or hemorrhage.

Lymphatic system

A network of tissues and organs that help rid the body of toxins, waste, and other unwanted materials.

Systole

The phase of the heartbeat when the heart muscle contracts and pumps blood from the chambers into the arteries.

Diastole

The phase of the heartbeat when the heart muscle relaxes and allows the chambers to fill with blood.

Pathogen

An organism that causes disease; examples include bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites.

Tonsils

Lymphoid tissues located in the throat that help protect the body against infection.

Lymph

A clear fluid that travels through the lymphatic system, containing white blood cells that help fight infection.

buffy coat

The thin layer of white blood cells and platelets that separates red blood cells from plasma in a centrifuged blood sample, indicating the presence of immune cells.

name of granulocyte

Neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils.

name of agranulocyte

Lymphocytes and monocytes, which are types of white blood cells that play a crucial role in the immune response.

type of serious pericardium

visceral layer( epicardium)

and parietal layer that encloses the heart and forms the pericardial cavity.