note of anatomy unit- 11-16

Here are the answers to your APMT Review questions for Units 11–16:

How long does the entire developmental process from hemocytoblast to mature RBC take?
The development from a hemocytoblast (a hematopoietic stem cell) to a mature red blood cell (RBC) takes approximately 5 to 7 days.
Where do T Cells (lymphocytes) mature?
T cells mature in the thymus gland.
Cells that process foreign matter and display antigenic fragments to certain T cells, thus alerting the immune system to the presence of the enemy, are called:
Antigen-presenting cells (APCs), such as dendritic cells, macrophages, and B cells.
A group of WBCs that lack visible cytoplasmic granules:
Agranulocytes, which include lymphocytes and monocytes.
Name and describe the three layers of the pericardium:
- Fibrous pericardium: The tough, outer layer that protects the heart and anchors it within the thoracic cavity.
- Parietal layer of serous pericardium: The inner lining of the fibrous pericardium.
- Visceral layer of serous pericardium (epicardium): The layer that covers the heart's surface.
Name the hormone responsible for the rate of erythrocyte production and targets the bone marrow to turn out more RBCs:
Erythropoietin (EPO).
It is an iron-bearing protein and transports most of the oxygen that is carried in the blood:
Hemoglobin.
Name the parts of the lower respiratory tract:
The lower respiratory tract includes the trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and lungs.
Muscles located between the ribs that assist with the expansion and contraction of the chest during breathing:
Intercostal muscles.
It is present in plasma that attaches to RBCs bearing surface antigens different from those on the recipient’s RBCs:
Antibodies.
It is the innermost layer, a moist mucous membrane that lines the hollow cavity, or lumen, of the organ:
Mucosa.
The alternating contractions mechanism of these two muscle layers that propel food through the pharynx inferiorly into the esophagus:
Peristalsis, involving the circular and longitudinal muscle layers.
Name & describe the organs of the alimentary canal:
- Mouth: Entry point for food; mechanical digestion begins here.
- Pharynx: Passageway for food and air.
- Esophagus: Transports food to the stomach.
- Stomach: Secretes acid and enzymes; mixes food to form chyme.
- Small intestine: Major site of digestion and nutrient absorption.
- Large intestine: Absorbs water and forms feces.
- Rectum: Stores feces before elimination.
- Anus: Expels waste from the body.
The transport of digestive end products from the lumen of the GI tract to the blood or lymph:
Absorption.
It secretes enzymes into the duodenum:
The pancreas.
Is a complex process that involves the coordinated activity of several structures such as the tongue, palate, pharynx, and esophagus:
Swallowing or deglutition.
What organ stores platelets and acts as a blood reservoir?
The spleen.
Which type of WBC is primarily involved in the lymphatic system?
Lymphocytes.
T/F: The valves of the digestive system control the flow of food and digestive juices through the GIT.
True.
Acts as a sentinel to protect respiratory and digestive tracts from foreign matter:
Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT), including structures like the tonsils and Peyer's patches.
It is where gas exchange occurs between the blood and cells inside the body:
Capillaries.
Name and describe the five types of WBCs:
- Neutrophils: Phagocytic cells that ingest bacteria and debris.
- Lymphocytes: Include B cells (produce antibodies) and T cells (destroy infected cells).
- Monocytes: Differentiate into macrophages; phagocytize pathogens and dead cells.
- Eosinophils: Combat parasites and are involved in allergic reactions.
- Basophils: Release histamine during allergic reactions; involved in inflammation.
A process wherein the diaphragm contracts and moves downwards, and the intercostal muscles contract and move the ribs upwards and outwards:
Inspiration or inhalation.
T/F: Propulsion is when the peristaltic wave closes the pyloric valve, forcing the contents of the fundus backward into the stomach.
False. Propulsion moves food forward; the described process is **Certainly, here are the remaining answers to your APMT Review questions for Units 11–16:

T/F: Propulsion is when the peristaltic wave closes the pyloric valve, forcing the contents of the fundus backward into the stomach.
False. Propulsion refers to the forward movement of food through the digestive tract. The described process is retropulsion, which occurs in the stomach to mix and break down food.
T/F: During expiration, the intrapulmonary volume decreases, the gases inside the lungs are forced more closely together, and the intrapulmonary pressure rises to a point higher than atmospheric pressure.
True. During expiration (exhalation), the lung volume decreases, increasing pressure and causing air to flow out.
It is the sum of the tidal volume plus the inspiratory and expiratory reserve volumes.
Vital capacity.
Name and describe the two mechanisms that make up the immune system:
- Innate (nonspecific) immunity: The body's first line of defense, including physical barriers (skin, mucous membranes), phagocytic cells, and inflammation.
- Adaptive (specific) immunity: Targets specific pathogens through lymphocytes (B cells and T cells) and produces immunological memory.
Promote cell lysis by direct cell attack against virus-infected or cancerous body cells; do not depend on specific antigen recognition.
Natural Killer (NK) cells.
T/F: Blood type AB (-) have the RhD antigen in the RBC.
False. Blood type AB (-) lacks the RhD antigen; only AB (+) has it.
It propels debris-laden mucus away from lower respiratory passages.
Cilia.
Part of the brain that initiates mechanisms to maintain body temperature.
Hypothalamus.
Gas exchange between the pulmonary blood and alveoli takes place.
Alveoli.
Enumerate and describe the roles of the five classes of Immunoglobulins (Ig’s):
- IgG: Most abundant; provides long-term immunity and can cross the placenta.
- IgA: Found in mucous membranes; protects against pathogens in respiratory and digestive tracts.
- IgM: First antibody produced in response to infection; effective in agglutination.
- IgD: Functions mainly as a receptor on B cells.
- IgE: Involved in allergic reactions and defense against parasitic infections.
It transmits impulse from SA node to AV node.
Internodal pathways.
These are fibers that receive conductive signals from the AV Nodes.
Bundle of His.
T/F: TMR (Total Metabolic Rate) decreases dramatically with an increase in muscle activity.
False. TMR increases with increased muscle activity.
What is the role of the semilunar valves in the heart?
Prevent backflow of blood from the arteries into the ventricles during ventricular relaxation.
It is formed by eight rigid hyaline cartilages and a spoon-shaped flap of elastic cartilage.
Larynx.
Fill in the blanks:
A.) The oxygen-rich blood returned to the left atrium flows into the left ventricle and is pumped out into the aorta, from which the systemic arteries branch to supply essentially all body tissues.
B.) From the SA node, the impulse spreads through the atria to the AV node, and then the atria contract. At the AV node, the impulse is delayed briefly to give the atria time to finish contracting. It then passes rapidly through the AV bundle, the bundle branches, and the Purkinje fibers, resulting in a “wringing” contraction of the ventricles that begins at the heart apex and moves toward the atria. This contraction effectively ejects blood superiorly into the large arteries leaving the heart.