PATHO Week 2, Exam 1: Immunity

Which of the following describes the function of the immune system?

A. Deliver oxygen to organs and tissues

B. Form clot to stop bleeding

C. Identify "self" from "non-self"

D. Control fluid shifting

C

Which of the following are considered granulocytes?

*

A. B lymphocytes

B. T lymphocytes

C. Neutrophils

D. macrophages

C

What is the function of the neutrophil?

A. engulf and ingest foreign material

B. Produce antibodies

C. produce memory in case of subsequent exposure

D. carry oxygen to cells

A

Which of the following cells are involved in humoral immunity?

A. macrophages

B. neutrophils

C. T lymphocytes

D. B lymphocytes

D

What is the function of the B lymphocyte?

A. Produce antibodies

B. attack and kill foreign invaders

C. engulf and ingest foreign invaders

D. mediate an allergic response

A

Which of the following white blood cells is involved in cellular immunity?

A. B lymphocyte

B. neutrophil

C. natural killer cell

D. T lymphocyte

D

Which of the following describes an antigen?

A. A cell marker the immune system identifies as self or foreign

B. A protein that attaches to a foreign invader to disable it

C. A white blood cell that produces antibodies

D. A cell that engulfs and ingests a foreign invader

A

What is the function of a memory cell?

A. Recognize a subsequent attack from a foreign invader to hasten immune response

B. Display the antigen of foreign invader to immune cells

C. Coordinate immune cell activity

D. Release chemical mediators involved in inflammation

A

Lymphoid structures include

• Lymph nodes (filters debris)

• spleen (filters blood.. dead/damaged RBC)

• tonsils (first line of defense)

• lymphatic circulation

Immune cells include

lymphocytes, macrophages, and leukocytes

What are the two types of antigens

self and nonself

What are self-antigens?

Immune system ignores "self" cells.

What are non-self antigens?

Immune system recognizes specific non-self antigens as foreign and attack it

What are antibodies?

Proteins that disable and bind to foreign antigens

granulocytes iclude

• neutrophil

  • phagocytosis

  • infection

  • inflammation

• eosinophil

  • allergic response

• basophil

  • histamine

  • IgE

garanulocytes include

• monocytes

• lymphocyte

• t type

lymphocytes include

• b type (vaccine)

• humoral (extracellular)

• antibodies

T cells are

• cell-mediated immunity

  • cytotoxic t (cd8)

  • memory

  • helper (cd4)

What is the role of macrophages?

phagocytosis and involved with chronic inflammation

humoral immunity

B cells, antibodies are produced to protect body

IgG antibodies

• most common in blood

• activates complement

• can cross placenta

IgM antibodies

• first to increase in immune response

• activates complement

• during infection IgG low and IgM is high

IgA antibodies

secretions

• tears

• saliva +mucous membranes

• colostrum

IgE antibodies

• Allergic responses

• cause release of histamine and inflammation

What is the complement system?

a group of serum proteins (C1 to C9) circulating the blood that active during immune reactions with IgG or IgM

What are chemical mediators?

Chemicals (ex: histamine, cytokines) released by damaged tissues and cells involved with inflammation

What are titers?

Tests that measure levels of serum immunoglobulins to see if the patient still has immunity

What is an Indirect Coombs test?

Tests mother's blood for Rh antibodies and blood incompatibility

What is an ELISA test?

detects for HIV antibodies and used for checking a number of illnesses and diseases

What is MHC typing?

tissue matching before transplantation procedures

What are the two types of immunity?

Natural and innate

What is natural immunity?

species specific

What is innate immunity?

gene specific, related to ethnicity

What is the primary response to immunity?

• First exposure to antigen

• 1 to 2 weeks for antibody titer to reach efficacy

What is the secondary response to immunity?

Repeat exposure to the same antigen with a rapid response of efficacy

What is active natural immunity?

natural exposure to an antigen, ex: chickenpox

What is active artificial immunity?

Antigen purposefully introduced to body, vaccines and immunization

What is passive natural immunity?

transfer of antibodies from a mother to her fetus or baby through placenta or breast milk

What is passive artificial immunity?

Injection of antibodies, introduced one person to the next by IV or medicine

What is an emerging infectious disease

Newly identities diseases in a population

What is an re-emerging disease?

Diseases that have previously been under control but on the rise due to globalization, drug resistance, and other factors

What are the different types of tissue organ and transplant rejection

Hyperacute, acute, and chronic/late

What is hyperacute rejection?

• over exaggerated short term reaction

• usually due to not good blood typing

• occurs immediately

What is acute rejection?

• most common

• attacks organs

• develops after weeks

What is chronic/late rejection?

occurs after months or years

What is immunosuppression?

reduction of immune response to prevent rejection

Why does immunosuppression lead to higher risk of infection

Due to immune suppression and opportunistic organisms

Type 1 hypersensitivity

• allergic reactions

• IgE and histamine mediated

• develops in minutes

Complications of type 1 hypersensitivity

anaphylaxis

Life threating reactions of anaphylaxis and anaphylactic shock

Airway obstruction, severe hypoxia, decreased BP due to release of histamine, and systemic hypersensitivity reactions

Signs and symptoms of anaphylaxis include

Coughing, difficulty breathing, dizziness, hives, edema, itching

Treatment for anaphylaxis

Administer epinephrine (EpiPen)

Type 2 hypersensitivity

• cytotoxic

• IgG and complement mediated

• response to incompatible blood transfusions

• occurs hours to days

Type 3 hypersensitivity

• immune complex

• antigen-antibody

• clumping of antibodies

• rheumatoid arthritis

• occurs hours to days

Type 3 hypersensitivity can cause

Inflammation and tissue destruction

Type 4 hypersensitivity

• T cell mediated/ delayed

• takes 48-72 hrs

• tb test, contact dermatitis, poison ivy

What is an autoimmune disorder?

The immune system attacks the body's own normal tissues by developing antibodies against our own cells and tissues

What is an immunodeficiency?

partial or total loss of one or more immune system components, causes an increased risk of infection and cancer

AIDS stands for

acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

What is AIDS?

chronic infectious disease caused by HIV (human immunodeficiency virus)

HIV destroys what cells

CD4 T helper cells

What drugs may be used prior to invasive procedures for people with immunodeficiencies

Prophylactic antimicrobial drugs