Bio 1 Good

Biology

The study of living things, the science of life

Living things are...

Diverse

Metabolism

All living things process energy which is used to power other processes

Homeostasis

• A physiological condition of “steady state”

• All living things maintain relatively stable internal environments to optimize conditions for metabolism and other processes

Heredity

All organisms pass genetic information to future generations from parents to offspring

The organization of life is…

A hierarchy of levels of increasing complexity

Evolution

Genetic change in a species over time

All living things require

Energy

Cooperation

As energy and other resources are limiting, many organisms have evolved cooperation as a means of survival

All matter is made up of…

Atoms

At the core of an atom is a dense nucleus comprised of two…

Subatomic Particles

Protons

Positively charged

Neutrons

No charge

Electrons

Negative Charge

Electrons occupy energy level or…

Electron shells, which are complex 3d volumes of space called orbitals

Atoms that have _____ electron orbitals tend to be more reactive

Incomplete

Atoms will ___, ___, or ___ electrons in order to completely fill their outermost shell

(Basis of Chemical bonding)

lose, gain, share

3 Types of chemical bonds

1. Ionic

2. Covalent

3. Hydrogen

Water molecules are ___ and can form ___ with each other

• Polar covalent

• Hydrogen bonds

Water Forms Ice (floats)

• Few hydrogen bonds break at low temperatures

• Water becomes less dense as it freezes because hydrogen bonds hold water molecules farther apart

Adhesion

When polar molecules other than water stick to a water molecule

Hydrophilic Molecules

Attracted to water and dissolve easily in it

• These are polar and can form hydrogen bonds

Hydrophobic Molecules

Repelled by water and do not dissolve

• These are nonpolar and do not form hydrogen bonds

Building blocks of the body

Macromolecules

4 Types of macromolecules

1. Proteins

2. Nucleic acids

3. Carbohydrates

4. Lipids

Macromolecules are assembled from many similar small components called…

Monomer

The assembled chain on monomers is known as a

Polymer

Four general levels of protein structure

1. Primary Structure

2. Secondary Structure

3. Tertiary Structure

4. Quaternary Structure

2 types of nucleic acids

• DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

• RNA (Ribonucleic acid)

RNA is more for

Protein synthesis

• Unlike DNA, it uses uracil instead of thymine

Cellulose

Found in the cell walls of plants

Chitin

Found in the exoskeletons of many invertebrates and in the cell walls of fungi

Lipids

Fats and other molecules that are not soluble in water

• Lipids are nonpolar molecules

• Include fats, phospholipids, and other molecules

• 2 subunits (fatty acids and glycerol)

Saturated Fat

Maximum amount of hydrogens attached

Unsaturated Fat

Less than maximum amount of hydrogens attached