Medicine Through Time - Key Names, Facts, and Years

Medieval Period

1200 - 1500

came up with the Four Humours Theory

Hippocrates

added to the theory of 4 Humors with Theory of Opposites

Galen

number of hospitals in medieval England

1200

least qualified medieval medical professionals

barber surgeons

highly trained, uncommon, and available exclusive to the rich medieval medical professionals, who would only diagnose and recommend treatment.

physicians

responsible for mixing remedies and delivering children/advising pregnant women

wise women

The Black Death

1348

percent of population killed by The Black Death

~ 40%

loose set of instructions followed in medieval England written by Hippocrates, showing that lifestyle factors were seen as a cause of disease

Regimen Sanitatis

Medical Renaissance

1500 - 1700

The Great Plague

1665

creation of printing press

1440

The renaissance shift to a spirit of intellectual and critical inquiry

Humanism

The Royal Society's formation

1660

early renaissance anatomist who challenged Galen's work and was given Church's support and permission to perform dissections

Andreas Vesalius

mistakes Vesalius found in Galen's work

300

Vesalius' book

On the Fabric of the Human Body

mid-Renaissance individual who developed understanding about the circulatory system through dissection and observation

William Harvey

Area of medicine Harvey impacted

cause

late renaissance individual who used observation and experimentation to develop treatments for specific diseases

Thomas Sydenham

area of medicine Sydenham impacted

treatment

smallpox treatments found by Sydenham

laudanum and quinine

16th century event that helped weaken the Church's authority

Reformation

What in the Renaissance made the training of physicians more professional, and when was it set up?

College of Physicians, 1518

technology developed in the Renaissance which helped increase medical discoveries

the microscope

deaths from the Great Plague

68,000 - 100,000

evidence of (slight) increased government action and scientific approach in Renaissance

The Bill of Mortality

common treatment introduced in Renaissance from the New World

tobacco

new movement in 18th and 19th century which challenged religious authority, and encouraged a commitment to the spirit of rationality and scientific enquiry

Enlightenment

reason that the spread of disease increased in the 18th and 19th century due to lack of space and hygiene

industrialisation

government policy of leaving things alone and not intervening to shape outcomes (which decreased in the 18th and 19th cent.)

Laissez Faire

Cholera epidemic

1854

19th century individual that mapped the spread of London's cholera epidemic

John Snow

Location that John Snow linked to an increased number of deaths from cholera

Broad Street water pump

Area of 19th century medicine John Snow impacted

Cause

how was cholera thought to be spread before John Snow's discovery?

Miasma

How many people died of Cholera around the Broad Street pump before Snow took off the pump handle?

500

earlier-18th century, sometimes ineffective method of preventing smallpox by giving healthy people small doses of smallpox

inoculation

late 18th century individual who developed the first vaccine

Edward Jenner

what would Jenner inject healthy people with to prevent smallpox?

cowpox

by using observations, careful planning and repetition, what did Jenner promote?

the scientific method

which area of 18th century medicine did Jenner impact?

Prevention

what year were vaccinations made compulsory and began to be strictly enforced with fines?

1872

By how much did the rate of infection decrease after the introduction of the vaccine against smallpox?

over 4x

what 18th/19th century theory came before the germ theory, claiming decaying matter created microbes, that then spread through miasma?

Spontaneous Generation Theory

19th century individual that created Germ Theory

Louis Pasteur

which year was Germ Theory published?

1878

19th century individual that built on Pasteur's work and discovered that different germs caused different diseases

Robert Koch

the year Koch discovered the bacteria that caused anthrax, then tuberculosis and cholera

1876, then 1882

area of medicine Koch impacted

Cause (and prevention)

what change made politicians much more likely to make responsive decisions about public health?

working men given the right to vote

when were working men given the right to vote?

1867

what optional act represented a step towards government involvement in 19th century public health?

Public Health Act 1848

which 19th century act required doctors to be registered, representing a shift towards professionalisation?

Medical Act of 1858

which 19th century act made providing clean water and disposing of sewage mandatory for city authorities?

Public Health Act 1875

19th century individual that developed antiseptic surgery by first using carbolic acid

Joseph Lister

when did Lister publish his results on carbolic acid?

1867

what is aseptic surgery?

removing all germs from the operating area before surgery

how much did deaths and infections go down due to the introduction of carbolic acid in surgery?

from 40% to 15%

19th century individual that had a significant impact on nursing and hospitals

Florence Nightingale

how much did Nightingale's changes cut the mortality rates in hospitals?

from 40% to 2%

what was Nightingale's new hygienic, organised style of hospitals called?

pavillion style

what institution did Nightingale found, that increased professionalisation and improved people's attitudes of nurses?

the first nurse training school (at St Thomas' Hospital)

which anaesthetics and painkillers were introduced in the 19th century, making surgery much less painful and therefore more common?

chloroform, ethane, and cocaine

18th/19th cen. act that legitimised dissection in a formal way

1832 Anatomy Act

act passed in 19th century England, demonstrating the government's increased role in education

Education Act, 1870

Modern England

1900 - present

when were the first 3 blood groups (A, O, B) discovered?

1901

Which factor in Modern England meant urgency was increased and medical progress was accelerated?

War (WWI & WWII)

When was the Ministry of Health set up?

1919

Who discovered penicillin?

Alexander Fleming

When was penicillin discovered?

1928

which individuals revived Fleming's research, leading to penicillin being mass produced?

Florey and Chain

Which area of modern medicine did Fleming, Florey and Chain impact?

treatment

What modern process made new treatments found in the 20th century spread much faster and more effectively?

Mass production

Which act was passed in modern England, which allowed for a wider spread of accurate information about medicine from a younger age?

Education Act 1944

When was the NHS founded?

1948

Which diseases demonstrate the new found link in modern England between lifestyle and health?

Lung Cancer, Asthma, Type 2 Diabetes, Heart Disease , Depression

Which diseases demonstrate the new found link in modern England between genetics and health?

Down's Syndrome, Alzheimer's disease, Type 1 Diabetes, Some forms of cancer

What discovery improved modern understanding of genetic causes of diseases?

Structure of DNA

When was the structure of DNA discovered?

1953

Which modern individuals discovered the structure of DNA?

Watson and Crick

What are some examples of the improved technology in modern medicine?

X-rays, Radiotherapy, Chemotherapy, Blood Transfusions, Plastic Surgery, Magic Bullets

first vaccination campaign of modern England

Diphtheria 1942

When was diphtheria eradicated?

by the middle of the 20th century

when was the polio vaccine introduced?

1956

when was polio eradicated?

1984

When did the government (funded by the NHS) start their Lung Cancer prevention campaign?

2012