The Endocrine System - Fill in the Blank Flashcards

A set of fill-in-the-blank flashcards covering key concepts from the Endocrine System notes. Each card presents a sentence with a blank and the correct term as the answer.

The hypothalamus communicates with the anterior pituitary via the __.

hypophyseal portal system

The posterior pituitary releases ADH and oxytocin, hormones produced in the __.

hypothalamus

Zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex secretes the glucocorticoid __.

cortisol

The primary hormone that raises blood calcium levels is __.

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

The two main thyroid hormones are T3 and __.

T4 (thyroxine)

Calcitonin lowers blood calcium levels and is produced by the C cells of the __.

thyroid gland

Steroid hormones bind receptors __ the cell.

inside

In membrane-receptor signaling, the hormone is called the __ messenger.

first

A second messenger like cyclic AMP (cAMP) is produced after receptor activation on the __ membrane.

plasma (cell)

Steroid hormones are typically __-soluble.

lipid-soluble

Receptors inside the cell are used by __ hormones such as steroids and thyroid hormones.

lipid-soluble

The four types of hormone interactions are antagonistic, additive (synergistic), permissive, and __ effects.

integrative

An example of antagonistic hormones: PTH versus __.

calcitonin

An example of a synergistic (additive) interaction involves GH and glucocorticoids during stress; this is called a __ effect.

synergistic

The permissive effect implies that one hormone provides 'permission' for a second hormone to have effect; example: epinephrine changes energy use only in presence of __ hormones.

thyroid

Integrative effects occur when hormones produce __ but complementary effects.

different; complementary

Negative feedback in endocrine regulation returns a variable to its set point; an example is the regulation of blood glucose by __.

insulin

Positive feedback example: release of __ during childbirth.

oxytocin

The alarm phase of the stress response begins with the sympathetic nervous system release of __ from the adrenal medulla.

epinephrine

The stage of the stress response that follows the alarm phase and involves cortisol and energy conservation is the __ phase.

resistance

Three adrenal cortex zones and their hormones: zona glomerulosa secretes __.

aldosterone

Zona fasciculata secretes glucocorticoids such as __.

cortisol

Zona reticularis secretes small quantities of __ (androgens).

androgens

Adrenal medulla secretes epinephrine and __.

norepinephrine

Thyroid hormone production involves iodide uptake, synthesis of tyrosine, and coupling to form T3 and T4; this occurs in the __.

thyroid follicles

Most T3 and T4 are transported in the blood bound to __ proteins.

thyroid-binding globulins

Calcitonin is secreted by C cells of the __ gland.

thyroid

Pancreatic alpha cells produce __ which raises blood glucose.

glucagon

Pancreatic beta cells produce __ which lowers blood glucose.

insulin

Delta cells of the pancreatic islets produce __, inhibiting the release of insulin and glucagon.

somatostatin

PP cells produce __, which regulates pancreatic exocrine secretion and gallbladder contraction.

pancreatic polypeptide

Pineal gland secretes __, regulating sleep-wake cycles.

melatonin

The heart releases natriuretic peptide to promote diuresis and lower blood pressure; this is involved in __ regulation.

blood pressure

The kidneys produce calcitriol and erythropoietin (EPO); calcitriol increases __ absorption.

calcium

Gonads produce sex hormones such as testosterone, estrogen, and progesterone, which regulate __ development.

reproductive

The hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid axis is regulated by negative feedback in which rising thyroid hormones inhibit release of TRH and __.

TSH

The hypothalamus exerts direct neural control over the adrenal medulla via the __ nervous system.

autonomic