APUSH Quarter 2 Final Key Terms

Quebec

1608; 1st permanent french settlement in north america; founded by samuel champlain

Samuel de Champlain

'father of new france'; founded quebec; soldiers + explorer

Huron Indians

friendly relations w/french; became allies w/french to defeat iroquois when champlain joined battle; ended w/defeat of iroquois (3 dead + 1 wounded)

Iroquois Indians

tribe of upper NY area; defeated by fre; ravaged french settlement + frequently served as allies of the british in fre + indian war

New France

direct control of king; no elected representative assemblies, no rights to trial by jury; population grew at slow pace; little economic motive; Huguenots denied refuge in colonies; favored caribbean islands

Fort Duquesne

1 of the chain of french forts at OH river; considered formidable; made for french to secure their claims of land; british had land speculation cuz they already started selling land to wealthy landowners

George Washington

sent by governor of VA to OH country as lieutenant colonel in command of 150 VA militiamen; spotted a small group of french troops 40 miles from fort duquesne, fired the first shot; ended up killing the french leader + french troops retreated; selected to lead army; not a true military genius (lost more battles than won) but could get people together

French and Indian War

began in america; touched off by washington in wilds of OH valley in 1754; rocked along undeclared reasoning 2 years; 9 years war between French + british in north america, which resulted in expulsion of french from north america

Albany Congress

led by ben franklin; delegates adopted plan, but wasn't accepted by individual colonies + the London regime; helped franklin prove the point that people believe in union; objective - to try + buy alliance of iroquois confederacy (gifts/guns) + try to achieve a sense of colonial unity among colonies

Benjamin Franklin

leading spirit of albany congress + made outstanding contributions

William Pitt

1757; became foremost leader in london govt + was popularly aka 'great commoner'; later earned title 'organizer of victory'; wisely attacked the vital areas of canada (quebec - montreal area) + launched a soft assault on french west indies'

James Wolfe

british general; made their progress at night + spotted an area that poorly guarded Quebec; in morning, 2 armies fought on plains of abraham in quebec; both commanders died in battle including de montcalm; fre were defeated + city surrendered

Battle of Quebec

1759; british victory over french forces in quebec; surrender marked beginning of the end of french rule in north america; success in battle won canada for british; turning point of war; both generals die (wolfe + montcalm)

Treaty of Paris of 1763

agreement between britain + france; ended the french + indian war; french power was thrown completely off north america; french left w/a few sugar islands + 2 small islands in gulf of st lawrence but can't be fortified; france gave up all trans-MI LA + outlets of new orleans to spanish; spanish FL to britain in exchange for cuba; britain rewarded w/all areas east of MI river

Pontiac's War

1763; bloody campaign waged by Ottawa Chief Pontiac to drive british out of OH country; laid siege on detroit in spring 1763 + overran all but 3 british posts west on appalachians (killed 2,000 people); brutally crushed by british troops (distributing blankets infected w/smallpox to put down the rebellion)

Proclamation of 1763

created to work out native problem fairly + prevent another bloody eruption like pontiac's uprising; banned white settlement west of appalachians; outraged colonists believed that successful outcome of the french + indian war should have allowed settlement in the OH valley

Mercantilism

economic policy that believed wealth was power + country's wealth could be measured by gold/silver; country needed to export more than important; justified Britain's authority over american colonies

Sugar Act

1764; duty on imported sugar from west indies; 1st tax levied on the colonies by crown + was lowered substantially in response to widespread protests

Quartering Act

1765; required colonies to provide food + quarters for british troops; colonist resented this + perceived it as a violation of their rights

Stamp Act

1765; greenville mandated the use of stamped paper or stamps, certifying payment of tax; meant to raise revenues to support new military; required on bills of sales for ~50 trade items + certain types of commercial + legal docs (cards, pamphlets, newspaper, diplomats, marriage licenses, etc)

Stamp Act Congress

assembly of 27 delegates from 9/13 colonies who met in NYC to draft a petition stating their rights + grievances of stamp act; helped ease sectional suspicions + promote intercolonial unity

Admiralty courts

used to try offenders for violating Sugar + Stamp Acts passed by crown; juries weren't allowed + defendants were assumed to be guilty unless proven otherwise

Sons of Liberty

patriotic group that played central role in protesting; cried 'liberty property, + no stamps'; tarred + feathered nonimportation offenders; ransacked houses of unpopular officials, took their money + hanged states of stamped agents on liberty poles

Townshend Acts

1767; indirect tax on glass, white lead, paper, paint, + tea; used to pay colonial governors who were paid directly by colonial assemblies before; sparked another round of protests in the colonies

Boston Massacre

1770; 60+ colonists began taunting + throwing snowballs at squad of 10 soldiers; troops opened fire w/o order but provoke by jeering crowd + killed/wounded 11 people

Paul Revere

created depiction of boston massacre of british soldiers shooting at peace colonists; didn't have crispus attucks (1 of 1st to die; runaway 'mulatto'; leader of the mob); wanted people to see the justice of colonists' cause

John Adams

served as defense attorney for soldiers; 2 redcoats were found guilty + other were released; amer's 1st VP + 2nd president; most support came from new england; man of strict principles; didn't appeal to masses

King George III

reasserted dominance of british monarchy; good man in private morals, but bad ruler (stubborn + lustful for power); surrounded himself w/'yes men', notably Lord North (prime minister); rejected Olive branch petition; hires thousands of Hessians to crush revolting colonists

Samuel Adams

cousin of John Adamsl master propagandist + engineer of rebellion; lived + breathed only for politics; ultrasensitive to violation of colonists' rights + had deep faith in people; effectively appeals 'trained mob'; founded committees of correspondence

Committees of Correspondence

1772 + after; founded by Samuel Adams; located committees established across MA, + later in each of 13 colonies to main colonial opposition to British policies through exchange of letters + pamphlets; unity among colonies; later evolved into 1st American Congresses; VA puts it in the House of Burgesses

British East India Company

facing bankruptcy (overburdened w/17 million lb of unsold tea); if it fell apart, london govt would lose a LOT in tax revenue; given complete control of american tea business + could sell cheaper tea; american saw this as a try to trick the Americans into swallowing the principle of detested tax; americans though principle was more important than price

Boston Tea Party

Dec 1773; ~100 boston residents (disguised as natives) boarded the tea ship, smashed 342 chests of tea + dumps them into the atlantic

Intolerable Acts

1774; series of laws passed in retaliation of the boston tea party; closed port of boston until damages were paid (boston port act), revoked several rights in MA colonial charter (MA govt act), enforced officials who killed colonists to line of duty could be sent by to britain for trials (administration of justice act), + expended the quartering act to allow for lodging of soldiers in priv homes; colonists convened the 1st Continental congress + complete boycott of British goods in response

First Continental Congress

1744; convention of 55 delegates (including both adams, washington + patrick henry) from 12/13 colonies (except GA) that met in Philly to craft a response to intolerable acts; 7 weeks long + consultative body; delegates established association + drew up several dignified papers (including declaration of rights)

The Association

non-importation agreement crafted during 1st continental congress calling for complete boycott of british goods (nonimportant, nonexportation, + nonconsumption); if grievances redress, good, if not, meet again in may 1775

Lexington and Concord

april 1775; british commander in boston sent a group of soldiers to get gunpowder + bad rebel leaders samuel adams + john hancock; 'minute men' didn't spread quickly enough + 8 americans died + wounding more; event like 'lexington massacre' than battle; redcoats went to concord

Second Continental Congress

met it philly of may 1885; 13 states came; delegates came up w/measures to raise money + create army/navy; colonists still not desperate for independence

Benedict Arnold

he + allen led amer force in may 1775; surprised + captured brit fort ticonderoga + crown point

Bunker Hill

'breed's hill'; colonists seized it; Howe (brit general) launched frontal attack; Amer moved down advancing redcoats but they ran out of gunpowder + left; brit win

Olive Branch Petition

adopted by continental congress; to profess american loyalty to crown + begged king to end hostels; king rejects it later

Hessians

George III hired these german soldiers to crush revolting colonists; exaggerated reputation for butchery; proved to be good in mechanical sense but just wanted money

Loyalists

colonists who were loyal to king; 'tories'; mostly older generations; most common in area where anglican church was strongest

Patriots

Whigs; wanted independence; most common in new england

Thomas Paine

wrote common sense + anticipated Declaration of Independence

Common Sense

written by paine; said that such a small island like brit can't control colonies on the other side of ocean

Thomas Jefferson

wrote declaration of independence; VA lawyer; democratic republican; thought states should have more power

Declaration of Independence

written by jefferson; formal explanation for america's separation from empire (loss of natural rights + George III's misdeeds)

Natural rights

idea that all humans are born w/rights of life, liberty, 9 property

Battle of Long Island

americans were outnumbered, so washington ran to manhattan island, crossed hudson river to NJ, + reached delaware river; howe's didn't attack cuz supply was low; british win

General William Howe

british general; defeated washington at battle of long island; didn't crush american force cuz supply was low

Battle of Trenton

on christmas night, the hessians were drunk; washington crossed delaware river + defeated hessians; morale boost; american win

Battle of Saratoga

turning point; convinced france to help america; ended british threat in new eng by taking control of hudson river; showed french that america had potential to beat britain; american win

Franco-American Alliance

france to help american; wanted to piss of britain

Nathanael Greene

american general; tragedy of delay to exhaust cornwallis's force; freed GA + SC from british

Charles Cornwallis

british general; troops exhausted by greene; lost battle of yorktown

John Paul Jones

american naval commander; main contribution was destroying british merchant ships

Battle of Yorktown

last major battle cornwallis was trapped in chesapeake bay by french fleet; stayed there hoping for supplies; ended up being surrounded by french navy + surrendered; amerian win

Treaty of Paris of 1783

treaty ended american war; stretched boundaries to MI to great lakes to Spa FL

"Republican motherhood"

idea that women had special responsibility to teach civic virtue to families; elevated women to role as keepers of nation's conscience

Articles of Confederation

constitution for new nation before declaring independence; ratified 8 months after battle of yorktown; NY + VA ( + 5 others) had lots of land + PA + MD ( + 4 more) didn't; big complaint that states could sell land to pay debts; land was surrendered to nation + sold for common benefit

Land Ordinance of 1785

land of old northwest sold + money used to pay debt; townships would be divided into 6 miles square; led to organized settlement

Northwest Ordinance of 1787

helped with process of becoming a state; 2 stages; 1st federal gov would control area then when area has 60k people, it can be admitted to congress as a state + have privileges other original 13 do

Shay's Rebellion

uprising in western MA; led by Shays; impoverished veterans lost their farms cuz they didn't pay taxes; demanded state issue paper money, lighten taxes, + suspend property takeover

Alexander Hamilton

saved constitutional convention by telling congress to summon convention in philly to strength AOC; advocate for powerful central gov; proposed bank of US; made policy of funding at par

Constitutional Convention

met to revise AOC, but signed a new govt plan (constitution); RI didn't send delegates; secretive sessions

James Madison

federalist; 'father of the constitution'

Virginia Plan

proposed by madison; 'large-state plan'; representation in both houses of bicameral legislature/congress should be based on population; gave large states an advantage

New Jersey Plan

proposed by paterson; 'small-state plan'; representation in unicameral congress should be equal for every state; already extant in AOC

Great Compromise

proposed by sherman; bicameral legislature combining NJ + VA plan; larger states would have representation by population in House of Representatives; smaller states would have equal representation in senate (2 per seat)

House of Representatives

lower house of congress; representation by population; where all tax + revenue bills originate

Senate

upper house of congress; equal representation; 2 seats per state

Common law

US constitution; not specific abt every detail; flexible guide; open to interpretation; opposite of civil law

Electoral College

group of people representing states + would cast votes for president + VP; citizens indirectly elect presidents; electoral votes depends on representatives in congress; larger states have advantage, but small states have larger voice if no candidate got majority (election thrown in house house of representatives)

Three-Fifths Compromise

slaves count as 3/5 of a person to determine direct tax + representation in house of representatives

Checks and balances

allowed each branch of gov to limit powers of other branches to prevent abuse of power

Direct/indirect vote

direct vote: when u vote urself (½ of HOR); indirect: when people elect a representative to vote on laws on their behalf (presidents (electoral college) + senators (state legislatures))

Ratifying the Constitution

needed bill of rights to be added

Federalists

supporters of constitution; favored strong national gov; more educated + controlled press; checks + balances would safeguard ppl's liberties

Anti-Federalists

people who opposed stronger federal gov; wanted states to have more power; small farmers; lack of bill of rights made them think that constitution was jeopardizing rights

Bill of Rights

1st 10 amendments of constitution; ensured certain rights + liberties; anti-federalists were concerned this doc was missing; whatever isn't 'delegated' to federal gov are 'reserved' to states

Federalist Papers

essays jay, madison, + hamilton wrote for NY newspapers to get ppl to support strong federal gov; designed as propaganda; commentary written on constitution

George Washington

war hero + unanimously elected 1st president by electoral college; NYC was temporary capital; took oath in 1789

Cabinet

established by washington; at 1st, 3 department heads served under president; Jefferson was secretary of state; hamilton was secretary of treasury; henry knox was secretary of war

Judiciary Act of 1789

congress organized supreme court w/chief justice, 5 associates, federal district + circuit courts; established office of attorney general

Funding at par

hamilton's policy of paying off all federal govt bonds at face value to strengthen credit + get interest; he wanted congress to pass measures + have wealthy citizens buy more bonds; wanted congress to take states' debt

Bank of the United States

proposed by hamilton as basis of economic plan; wante powerful priv institution where gov was major stockholder; way to collect + keep federal money in circulation; provided nation currency; jefferson wrote how he thought this was unconstitutional; helped start political parties

Loose interpretation

hamilton's theory that said whatever the constitution didn't forbit, it allowed

Implied powers/elastic clause

powers not mentioned on constitution; congress owl be justified in establishing bank of US; constitution can pass law 'necessary + proper'

Strict interpretation

jefferson's theory that said to stick to literal word meaning of constitution

Whiskey Rebellion

farmers in southwestern PA rebelled against excise tax on whiskey; tarred + feathered revenue officers + brought tax collections to stop; washington gathered 13k men but by then whiskey boys left; showed govt under constitution could react effectively

Democratic-Republicans/Jeffersonians

political party led by jefferson; people should have political power, favored strong state gov, emphasized agriculture, strict interpretation of constitution, pro-french, + opposed national bank

Federalists/Hamiltonians

political party led by Hamilton; wanted strong central govt; pro-Brit; thought constitution should be loosely interpreted; supported trade/banking; supporters of constitution

Neutrality Proclamation of 1793

issues by washington after war between fra + brit; US was neutral (1st formal neutrality declaration) + spread isolation tradition; Jeffersonians were mad that washington didn't ask congress; amer birth rates went up

Citizen Edmond Genet

representative of fre republic; took advantage of amer's neutrality; believed neutrality proclamation didn't reflect american wishes; embarked upon unneutral activity (invasions of Spa FL/LA + brit canada) + later replaced

Jay's Treaty

made to negotiate + avoid war; brit promised to leave chain of posts on US soil + agreed to pay for damaged seize of amer sip; amer to pay debts from pre-Rev accounts; Dem-Rep thought it was a surrender to britain + betrayal of south

Washington's Farewell Address

washington's speech before he retired; not delivered orally but on newspapers; advised neutrality + permanent alliances w/european nations

XYZ Affair

incident in which fre officials demanded a bribe from 3 envoys (sent just j adams) just to talk to talleyrand (fre foreign minister); sent wave of hysteria through US

Alien and Sedition Acts

acts passed by federalist congress; raised requirements for immigrants who wanted to be citizen from 5 yr to 14; anyone who impeded policies of govt/falsely defamed its officials would be responsible for heavy fine + prison; violated freedom of speech + press

Kentucky Resolution

written by jefferson; response to alien + sedition acts; concluded that federal regime exceeded constitutional powers; states could nullify federal law they considered unconstitutional

Virginia Resolution

less extreme than KY resolution; written by Madison to acts; said states could nullify federal laws they considered unconstitutional