HOSA Cultural Diversities and Disparities

Health

Health

The balance of the person, both within one's being-physical, mental, and spiritual- and in the outside world -natural, communal, and metaphysical

Healing

The restoration of balance, both within ones being-physical, mental, and spiritual- and in the outside world -natural, communal, and metaphysical

5 steps to cultural competence

1. Personal heritage (who are you) 2. Heritage of others- demographics 3. Health and health beliefs and practices 4. Healthcare culture and system 5. Traditional healthcare systems

Culturally and Linguistically Appropriate Services (CLAS)

A set of 15 standards created by the office of minority health in 1997 that most healthcare agencies must meet.

culturally competent

Within the delivered care, the provider understands and attends to the total context of the patient's situation and this is a complex combination of knowledge, attitudes, and skills

culturally appropriate

The provider applies the underlying background knowledge that must be possessed to provide a patient with the best possible health

culturally sensitive

The provider possesses some basic knowledge and constructive attitude toward the health traditions observed among the diverse cultural groups found in the setting in which he or she is practicing.

What act declared that all recipients of federal funding must take reasonable steps to provide meaningful access to people with limited English proficiency (LEP)?

Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964

What is the official language of the US?

English

What % of US residents over the age of 5 speak English at home?

79.2%

What % of US residents over the age of 5 speak no English at all?

9%

How many US residents speak Spanish (over the age of 5)?

37.5 million

Illness

The imbalance of the person both within ones being-physical, mental, and spiritual- and in the outside world -natural, communal, and metaphysical

Of Spanish speaking residents over the age of 5 what % speaks no English at all?

62.9%

Heritage consistency

Degree to which a person's lifestyle reflects his or her traditional heritage

Heritage Assessment Tool

The tool that has been developed to determine how deeply a given person identifies with a traditional heritage or is acculturated into the modern, dominant culture

Components of Heritage Consistency

1. Socialization (extended family, where you grew up) 2. Culture (language, folkways) 3. Religion (Historic beliefs, and religious membership and participation) 4. Ethnicity (socializes with members of same ethnic group and participates in folkways)

Culture

metacommunication system wherein not only the spoken words have meaning but everything else does as well

Characteristics of culture

1. the medium of personhood and social relationships 2. A complex whole in which each part is related to another part 3. Learned by each person in a family and social community 4. Dependent on an underlying social matrix

Ethnicity

relating to large groups of people classed according to common racial, national, tribal, religious, linguistic, or cultural origin or background

Ethnocentrism

1) Belief in the superiority of one's nation or ethnic group. 2) overriding concern with race

xenophobia

a fear or hatred of foreigners or strangers

xenophobe

one unduly fearful of what is foreign and especially of people of foreign origin

How many ethnic groups of Native Americans are there?

106

How many federally recognized Native American tribes are there?

567

Religion

the belief in and worship of a superhuman controlling power, especially a personal God or gods.

What does the US rank in weekly church attendance?

7th

What % of the US is Christian?

70.6%

What % of the US is Jewish

1.9%

What % of the US is Buddhist?

0.7%

What % of the US is Muslim?

0.9%

What % of the US is religiously unaffiliated?

22.8%

Acculturation

The process of adapting to and becoming absorbed into the dominant culture (The process is involuntary)

Socialization

The process of being raised in a culture and acquiring the characterizations of that group (often occurs through schooling)

How long does it take to fully acculturate?

3 generations

Assimilation

Becoming in all ways like the members of the dominant culture

cultural conflicts

events that occur when there is polarization between 2 groups and their differences are intensified by the way they are perceived

Silent Generation

people born between 1938 and 1945 who believe in community service and conforming to societies standards

The Boomer Generation

people born between 1946 and 1964 they like to work hard play hard and are often closer to friends than family

Gen X

people born between 1965 and 1980 who tend to only work hard if it doesn't interfere with having a good time

Millennials

people born between 1977 and 1994 who are very dependent on technology

Gen Z

people born between 1995 and 2012 characterized by independence and an eagerness to jump into life. While proficient with tech they often prefer personal interaction.

6 variables that lead to cultural conflict

1. Decade of birth 2. Generation 3. class and income 4. Language 5. Education 6. Literacy

women's earnings are what % of men's?

74-80%

Between 1980 and 2009 the percentage of students to complete high school went from _______ % to ________%

69% to 85.3%

How many American adults scored a below basic on an English literacy test

11 million

Environmental control

the ability of members of a particular cultural group to plan activities that control nature or direct environment factors

personal space

people's behaviors and attitudes towards the space that surrounds themselves

Territoriality

The behavior and attitude and attitude people exhibit about an area they have claimed and defended or react emotionally to when others encroach on it

in 2010 POC represented what % of the population?

36.3% (This percentage is continually growing)

What is the median age of the population?

37.2 years old

People aged 16-64 make up what % of the population?

62.9%

People 65 and older make up what % of the population?

13% (This % is projected to grow as the baby boomers get older)

Naturalization

Process by which foreign born people aged 18+ can become US citizens

Refugees

Persons who seek residence in the US in order to avoid persecution in their country of origin

Lawful Permanent Resident (LPR)

any person not a citizen of the US who is residing in the US under legally recognized and lawfully recorded permanent residence as an immigrant

What are the 3 leading countries of origin for LPRs?

1. Mexico (13.6%)
2. China (6.9%)
3. India (6.6%)

Where did the largest % of naturalized people come from?

Asia (39%)

Top 3 cities of residence for LPRs

1. New York (16.9%)
2. LA (8.1%)
3. Miami (6.7%)

What are the top 3 states of residence for undocumented people?

1. California
2. Texas
3. New York

Top 3 states of residency for LPRs

1. California
2. New York
3. Florida

physical poverty

substandard housing, limited access to healthcare, poor nutrition, ext.

mental poverty

poor education, little opportunity, limited access to mental health services, ext.

spiritual poverty

despair, the experience of being disparaged and disenfranchised

What is the official poverty rate?

14.8% (14.8 million people in poverty)

What % of black people are impoverished?

26.2%

What % of Hispanics are impoverished?

23.6%

What % of white people are impoverished?

10.1%

What % of children under 18 are impoverished?

21.1%

How many federal programs provide aid to impoverished individuals?

more than 80

What is the largest government program used to fight poverty?

Medicaid followed by SNAP and Supplemental Security Income (SSI)

In 2014 what % of households were headed by women?

30.5%

The health people series

science based 10 year national objectives designed to improve the health of all people (created by the surgeon general)

health equity

attainment of the highest level of health for all people

health disparity

a particular type of health difference that is closely linked with social, economic, and/or environmental disadvantage

physical wellbeing

relates to vigor and vitality, feeling very healthy and full of energy

mental wellbeing

being satisfied with ones life, accepting ones self, and balancing positive and negative emotions

social wellbeing

providing and receiving quality support from friends, family, and others

What are the 3 domains of health belief?

1. Perceived susceptibility
2. Perceived seriousness
3. Perceived benefits of taking action

4 main components of the sick role

1. the sick person is exempted from the performance of certain normal social obligations 2. They are exempted from certain responsibility for their own state (they're not blamed for being sick) 3. The legitimization of the sick role is only partial (You should attempt to recover as quickly as possible) 4. Being sick except in the mildest of cases is being in need of help

4 phases of ilness

1. Onset- time when the first symptoms appear 2. Diagnosis- the disease is identified and the persons sick role is now socially accepted 3. Patient status- the person adjusts to the social aspects of being ill 4. Recovery-relinquishing of sick role and assumption of pre-illness roles

5 phases of illness

1. symptom experience 2. assumption of sick role- asks friends and family for advice 3. medical care contact stage- goes to health professionals for official diagnosis 4. the dependent patient stage- person is under control of health care providers and is expected to comply with their demands 5. The recover/rehabilitation phase

Primary care

clinics and local doctors offices (condition is usually stable)

secondary care

surgery, specialty care, and mental health care (unstable status)

Tertiary Care

Extensive surgery, Radiation, or other high tech care (Patient is deteriorating)

Health Maintenance

Everyday ways people go about living and attempting to stay well or healthy and ordinarily function within their family, community, or society. (ex. wearing a jacket in the cold or eating a balanced diet)

Health protection

protection of health rests on the ability to understand the cause of a certain illness or symptom and prevent it (getting vaccinated or wearing a red ribbon to protect from the evil eye)

Evil eye

belief that someone can project harm by gazing or staring at another's property or person (the oldest and most widespread superstition)

5 common beliefs surrounding the evil eye

1. the power emanates from the eye/mouth and strikes the victim
2. The injury/ misfortune is sudden
3. the person who cast the evil eye might not be aware
4. the afflicted may or may not know the source
5. The injury may be prevented or cured with rituals and symbols

German term for evil eye

aberglobin or aberglaubisch

Polish term for evil eye

szatan

Yiddish term for evil eye

kayn aynhoreh

What expression is used by jewish people after giving a compliment or statement of luck to prevent the evil eye?

kineahora

Dybbuk

wandering, disembodied soul that enters another person's body and holds fast

3 traditional practices used in the protection of health

1. The use of protective objects
2. The use of ingested substances, the removal of an item from a diet, or the hanging of substances around the body/house
3. The practices of religion

Amulets

sacred objects worn on a string or chain around the neck, wrist, or waist to protect the wearer from evil spirits

Mano milagroso

"miraculous hand" it is worn by many people of Mexican origin for luck and to ward off evil spirits

mano negro

placed on babies of Puerto Rican descent to ward off the evil eye (placed on wrist or pinned to diaper during early years of life)

Bangles

Silver bracelets that are open in order to let evil spirits out yet also closed to prevent evil from entering the body and tinkle when the wearer moves to scare away evil spirits (worn from infancy onwards by people from the west indies)

What will a bangle do when you are becoming ill?

tarnish and leave a black ring on your wrist