anatomy practice exam

A box of dried pasta can sit on the shelf indefinitely without breaking down, but when we eat the pasta, starch is broken down into water and CO2. Energy stored in the bonds is released. The reason pasta breaks down in our bodies is that

a. Enzymes in our bodies lower the amount of energy required for chemical reactions to move forward

b. Enzymes in our body increase the amount of energy released from the chemical reaction

c. The breakdown of starch is endergonic and enzymes add energy to the reaction

d. Enzymes in our body make the starch hydrophobic so that it can cross the plasma membrane

a. Enzymes in our bodies lower the amount of energy required for chemical reactions to move forward

If a red blood cell is placed in a very dilute solution, what will happen

a. The cell will shrink

b. The cell will burst

c. The cell will not change shape.

b. The cell will burst

When ATP is hydrolyzed to produce ADP and phosphate the chemical reaction is

a. Exergonic

b. Endergonic

c. Neither releases nor requires input of energy

a. Exergonic

When blood glucose climbs, an effector that helps the body return to homeostasis is located in the

a. Spinal ganglion

b. Skeletal muscle

c. Thyroid gland

d. Spinal cord

e. Pancreas

b. Skeletal muscle

Imagine two dyes. A red dye is small and hydrophobic. A blue dye is large and hydrophilic. If we inject the same amount of each dye into the bloodstream and wait two hours, how would the the force acting on the red dye compare to the blue?

a. There would be greater force acting on the red dye molecules

b. The concentration gradients would be equal.

c. There would be less force acting on the red molecules

c. There would be less force acting on the red molecules

Which of the following is under voluntary control

a. Smooth muscle cell

b. Skeletal muscle

c. Cardiac muscle cell

b. Skeletal muscle

Is it possible to disrupt the structure of skin cells without disrupting the structure of the skin?

a. Yes

b. No

b. No

Which of the following processes releases energy?

a. Allowing two different areas to become more similar

b. Making two areas more different

a. Allowing two different areas to become more similar

Feces must pass through the anus but absorption of nutrients is complete. The anus is most likely lined with

a. Dense regular connective tissue

b. Simple squamous epithelial tissue

c. Dense irregular connective tissue

d. Simple columnar epithelial tissue

e. Stratified squamous epithelial tissue

e. Stratified squamous epithelial tissue

Many choice: Disrupting the structure of the kidney would dramatically interfere with which of the following processes?

a. Controlling muscle contraction in the legs

b. Maintaining blood glucose

c. Maintaining steady body fluid levels

d. Maintaining blood sodium levels

e. Maintaining blood oxygen levels

c. Maintaining steady body fluid levels

d. Maintaining blood sodium levels

When blood glucose climbs, the control center that interprets the change is located in the

a. Spinal cord

b. Thyroid gland

c. Pancreas

d. Spinal ganglion

e. Skeletal muscle

c. Pancreas

Background information: Sucrase is a gene that breaks down sucrose (table sugar) during digestion. The enzyme works in the intestinal lumen. Our intestinal epithelial cells have transport proteins for glucose, fructose, and maltose, but not for sucrose. Imagine an individual who had a mutation in the sucrase gene so that one amino acid was substituted for another in the sucrose binding site. What would happen to insulin secretion after eating a doughnut?

a. Insulin secretion would be higher than normal

b. Insulin secretion would not change

c. Insulin secretion would be lower than normal

c. Insulin secretion would be lower than normal

A cell is placed in a solution containing only urea and water. The cell swells and bursts. The osmolarity of the urea solution is (Urea dissolves in water and diffuses through a cell membrane).

a. Greater than the cytoplasm

b. Less than the cytoplasm

c. Equal to the cytoplasm

d. We need more information answer the question

d. We need more information answer the question

Pumping sodium against its electrochemical gradient is

a. Neither releases nor requires input of energy

b. Exergonic

c. Endergonic

c. Endergonic

Carbohydrates are

a. Hydrophilic

b. Hydrophobic

a. Hydrophilic

Which of the following processes releases stored energy that can be used to power other processes?

a. Allowing a cool system to warm to environmental temperature.

b. Making a beaker cooler than the environment.

a. Allowing a cool system to warm to environmental temperature.

Which of the following epithelial tissue structures is best optimized for transport?

a. Simple cuboidal epithelium

b. Stratified squamous epithelium

c. Stratified muscular epithelium

d. Simple columnar epithelium

e. Simple squamous epithelium

e. Simple squamous epithelium

Which of the following requires the expenditure of energy?

a. When extracellular sodium concentrations always intracellular sodium concentrations.

b. Maintaining higher extracellular sodium concentrations than intracellular. ("Extracellular" means outside a cell. "Intracellular" means inside a cell.)

b. Maintaining higher extracellular sodium concentrations than intracellular. ("Extracellular" means outside a cell. "Intracellular" means inside a cell.)

From rest, if we allow only potassium to cross a cell's membrane, the cell would get

a. More negative

b. More positive

c. Voltage would not change

a. More negative

Glucose dissolves in water because

Select one:

a. C-C bonds form covalent bonds with water

b. C-H bonds for covalent bonds with water

c. C-H bonds form hydrogen bonds with water

d. O-H bonds form hydrogen bonds with water

e. C-C bonds form hydrogen bonds with water

d. O-H bonds form hydrogen bonds with water

Many choice: In type 2 diabetes mellitus, which component(s) of the insulin feedback loop is/are first disrupted?

Select one or more:

a. The control center

b. The effector

c. The sensor

b. The effector

Many choice: Which of the following bonds are polar ("polar" referring to polar enough to dissolve in water)?

Select one:

a. C-C

b. C-H

c. O-H

c. O-H

Many choice: Disrupting the structure of leg bones would dramatically interfere with which of the following processes?

Select one or more:

a. Maintaining steady body fluid levels

b. Defending against pathogens

c. Moving the arms

d. Moving the legs

e. Maintaining blood glucose

d. Moving the legs

Humans have proteins that change shape in the presence of blood glucose.

Select one:

a. True

b. False

a. True

Does a solution that contains only water and glucose conduct electricity?

Select one:

a. No

b. Yes

a. No

Two sides of epithelial tissue are always attached to connective tissue.

Select one:

a. False

b. True

a. False

If humans have no control over the movement of uranium, is it possible to maintain uranium homeostasis?

Select one:

a. Yes

b. No

b. No

Many choice: When treating type 1 diabetes mellitus, our brains work as the

Select one or more:

a. Control center

b. Effector

c. Sensor

a. Control center

Histology refers to the study of

Select one:

a. Organ systems

b. Tissue

c. Individual cells

d. Organs

e. The entire organism

b. Tissue

Which of the following is an example of a system at equilibrium?

Select one:

a. A system in which the temperature equals environmental temperature.

b. A system that in which the temperature is higher than environmental temperature.

a. A system in which the temperature equals environmental temperature.

A cell is placed in a solution containing only glucose and water. The cell swells and bursts. The osmolarity of the glucose solution is (you may assume no transport proteins).

Select one:

a. Greater than the cytoplasm

b. Less than the cytoplasm

c. Equal to the cytoplasm

d. We need more information to answer the question

b. Less than the cytoplasm

If a concentration gradient is held constant, what is the most direct way to change the rate of osmosis across a cell membrane?

Select one:

a. By changing gene transcription

b. By changing the concentration of aquaporins in cell membranes

c. By changing the activity of ion channels

d. By changing gene translation

e. By changing the activity of water pumps

b. By changing the concentration of aquaporins in cell membranes

The fibrous pericardium is a tough sheet of tissue that surrounds the heart and attaches it to surrounding tissue. The pericardium also protects its contents from abrasion while the muscle is moving. You would expect this tissue to be composed of

Select one:

a. Dense irregular connective tissue

b. Smooth muscle tissue

c. Simple squamous epithelial tissue

d. Dense regular connective tissue

e. Neural tissue

a. Dense irregular connective tissue

Adding potassium to the blood would make cells in the heart

Select one:

a. More negative

b. More positive

c. Not change the voltage

b. More positive

Many choice: In type 1 diabetes mellitus, which of the following are compromised?

Select one or more:

a. The sensor

b. The control center

c. The effector

a. The sensor

b. The control center

The inside of a cell contains several buffers. These buffers help ensure that

Select one:

a. pH inside the cell remains stable when extracellular pH changes

b. pH inside the cell changes rapidly to balance pH changes outside the cell

c. pH inside the cell changes rapidly to help maintain the environment outside the cell

d. pH inside the cell remains at equilibrium with the pH outside the cell

a. pH inside the cell remains stable when extracellular pH changes

Which of the following cells is involved in maintaining collagen structure?

Select one:

a. Neuron

b. Skeletal muscle fiber

c. Smooth muscle cell

d. Cardiac muscle cell

e. Fibroblast

e. Fibroblast

If humans have no structure that changes shape in the presence of uranium, is it possible to maintain uranium homeostasis?

a. No

b. Yes

a. No

Which of the following tissue types includes cells specialized to communicate with distant parts of the body?

a. Muscle tissue

b. Epithelial tissue

c. Nervous tissue

d. Connective tissue

c. Nervous tissue

Background information: Sucrase is a gene that breaks down sucrose (table sugar) during digestion. The enzyme works in the intestinal lumen. Our intestinal epithelial cells have transport proteins for glucose, fructose, and maltose, but not for sucrose. Imagine an individual who had a mutation in the sucrase gene so that one amino acid was substituted for another in the sucrose binding site. What would happen to water content in the large intestine after eating a doughnut?

a. The large intestine would contain more water than normal

b. Their large intestine would contain less water than normal

c. There would be no change in water content of the GI tract

a. The large intestine would contain more water than normal

Many choice: Sources of chemical potential energy in the body include

a. Fat

b. Oxygen

c. Carbohydrate

d. CO2

e. Protein

a. Fat

c. Carbohydrate

e. Protein

Many choice: Disrupting the structure of the skin would dramatically interfere with which of the following processes?

a. Defending against pathogens

b. Moving the arms

c. Maintaining blood glucose

d. Moving the legs

e. Maintaining steady body fluid levels

a. Defending against pathogens

e. Maintaining steady body fluid levels

Many choice: The structural properties of epithelial tissue are primarily due to the structure of

Select one or more:

a. The ground substance in the tissue

b. The protein fibers in the extracellular matrix

c. The cells that make up the tissue

c. The cells that make up the tissue

The tissue in the heart that generates pressure is composed of

Select one:

a. Muscle tissue

b. Nervous tissue

c. Epithelial tissue

d. Connective tissue

a. Muscle tissue

If we add large, polar, positively charged red dye molecules to the blood, the cytoplasm of cells would

Select one:

a. Quickly become red

b. Not change color quickly

c. We need more information

b. Not change color quickly

Which of the following can have the consistency of a viscous gel (kind of like snot)?

Select one:

a. The ground substance in epithelial tissue

b. The ground substance of bone

c. The protein fibers in dense irregular connective tissue

d. The protein fibers in epithelial tissue

e. The ground substance of connective tissue proper

e. The ground substance of connective tissue proper

Glucagon is a hormone secreted by the pancreas that causes an elevation in blood sugar. You would expect glucagon secretion to increase when

Select one:

a. Blood glucose is low

b. Blood glucose is high

a. Blood glucose is low

In resting human cells, an electrical gradient pushes potassium

Select one:

a. Into a cell

b. Out of a cell

c. Neither into nor out of a cell

a. Into a cell

Many choice: Which of the following usually dissolve well in water?

Select one or more:

a. Lipids

b. Proteins with hydrophobic side chains

c. Small ions

d. Carbohydrates

c. Small ions

d. Carbohydrates

Calcium atoms have two electrons in their outer shell. What would be the charge of a calcium ion when dissolved in water?

Select one:

a. There would be no charge

b. +1

c. +2

d. -1

e. -2

c. +2