unit 2

What type of tissue is bone?

connective tissue

Protects the ends of bones from wearing down

Articular cartilage

Full of red marrow

Spongy bone

The knobby end of your femur at the hip end

Proximal epiphysis

The long shaft of the bone

Diaphysis

makes up diaphysis and outside of long bones

Compact bone

Site of hematopoiesis

red bone marrow in spongy bone

When it degenerates or is used up you get arthritis

Articular cartilage

the type of bone that is full of stem cells

spongy bone

Layer that lines the medullary cavity

Endosteum

growth plates

epiphyseal plates

Layer that covers the outside of the bone

periosteum

Provides bone cells with nutrients and O2

Blood Vessels

What does the word foramen mean?

hole

Name means around the bone

Periosteum

Has layers called lamella

Compact bone

Hollow space inside the diaphysis

medullary cavity

The knobby end of your humerus at the elbow end

Distal Epiphysis

Space full of yellow marrow

Medullary cavity

How blood cells leave the red marrow

blood vessel

Little hole in the bone that the blood vessel goes through

Nutrient foramen

Protects against bone friction

articular cartilage

Stronger than spongy bone

compact bone

True/False Periosteum is vascular

True

True/False Articular cartilage is vascular

False

Adipose tissue found in the medullary cavity

Yellow Marrow

Tibia is an example of what type of bone?

long bone

The carpals are what type of bone?

Short Bones

What type of bone is the patella

sesamoid bone

Thoracic Vertebrae (T1-T12) is an example of what type of bone

Irregular Bone

The scapula is an example of a type of bone

flat

Where is the calcaneus located?

heel of foot

Where is the pisiform located?

wrist

Where is the cuboid?

lateral side of foot

The talus bone is part of the_.

Foot

The sternum is an example of what type of bone

flat bone

How many bones are in the human body (adult)?

206 bones

How many bones are there in the axial skeleton?

80 bones

How many bones are in the appendicular skeleton?

126 bones

The skull is part of the _ skeleton

axial

The normal curvature of the cervical spine is called

Lordosis

There are ___ lumbar vertebrae

five

The triangular bone at the base of the spine is called _

Sacrum

True/False The male pelvis is oval or round in shape

false

The ilium is part of the

pelvis

The radius can be found on the ___ side (anatomical position) of the arm.

Lateral

Name the longest and strongest bone in the body

Femur

The structure found in between the vertebrae of the spine that helps with shock absorption.

Intervertebral disc

Contains stem cells that produce red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets

Red bone marrow

Name the bones of the wrist (hint: remember the mnemonic)

scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform, trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate

Range of Motion

The range through which a joint can be moved.

An important component of general health

Why we assess range of motion

Osteoarthritis, Rheumatoid Arthritis, injury to muscle, tendon, or ligament

Conditions that limit ROM

600

muscles in the human body

gluteus maximus

largest muscle in the body

In the ear

Smallest muscles of the body.

The Heart

Hardest working muscle of the body

Masseter

The strongest muscle of the body

skeletal and cardiac

striated muscles

smooth muscle

non-striated, involuntary

cardiac muscle

intercalated discs

Cardiac muscle

linked together with gap junctions

uninucleate

smooth and cardiac muscle

Endomysium

Connective tissue surrounding a muscle fiber

Perimysium

The connective tissue that surrounds fascicles.

Epimysium

surrounds entire muscle

fascia

Forms tendons

endocardium

Contains heart chambers and valves

Myocardium

muscular, middle layer of the heart

Epicardium

Outermost layer of the heart

Smooth muscle

Contracts slower than skeletal but remains contracted longer.

skeletal muscle

attached to bones

muscles of endurance

slow twitch

Muscles of strength

Fast twitch

hypertrophy

increase in muscle size

atrophy

muscle wasting

oxygen debt

delayed onset muslce soreness

RICE

rest, ice, compression, elevation

Strain

injury to muscle or tendon due to overstretching or tearing

Tendonitis

inflammation of a tendon due to overuse

Fracture

More pressure is put on on a bone than it can stand until it will split or break.

Open fracture

Bone breaks through skin and can be seen outside the body.

Simple fracture

Fracture does not break through skin. Also known as closed

Non displaced fracture

The broken ends line up and have not moved out of place

Displaced fracture

Bone ends are out of normal alignment. May require surgery

Transverse fracture

Complete fracture that is straight across a bone’s axis

Green stick fracture

Bending an incomplete break of a bone; most often seen in children

Oblique fracture

A fracture that is diagonal to a bone’s long axis

Spiral fracture

A fracture in which the bone has been twisted apart

Communited fracture

Direct impact that shatters a bone into several fragments.

Compound fracture

Fracture that breaks the skin. Risk of serious infection. Also called open fx.

Stress fracture

Due to repetitive use. Also called hairline fracture. Appears like a crack on a x-ray

Impacted fracture

Broken bone ends are forced into each other

Avulsion fracture

A fracture in which a fragment of bone has been pulled away by a tendon and its attachment. Common in children

Compression fracture

Spiral fracture in which vertebra is flattened/crushed

Depressed fracture

Pathological fracture

Fracture caused by an underlying disease or condition

Scoliosis

Abnormal curvature of the spine

Rickets

A bone weakness disease caused by vitamin D deficiency. Causes bone to bend or bow

Cleft lip and palate

Bones of the mouth do fuse properly. Birth defect