concept 1: enzymes/biochemical reaction

metabolism

all the chemical reactions within each cell of an organism

what does metabolism do

provides energy for life processes; create key molecules

chemical reactions

the breaking and forming of bonds between different substances during chemical changes (reactions absorb or release energy)

breaking a bond requires energy to be

absorbed

Forming a bond allows energy to be ___

released

Due to the law of conservation of energy, no energy in the system is __- it just changes ___.

lost; forms (may be released as heat, light , etc)

Biochemical reactions are either..

catabolic or anabolic

Catabolic reactions

break down larger molecules into simpler molecules; release in energy (exegonic)

Anabolic reactions

build larger molecules from smaller ones; requires energy to do it (endergonic)

what do all reaction require in order to happen

energy

activation energy

the amount of energy needed to make a chemical reaction start

reactants (substrates)

substances that are changed during a chemical reaction

products

substances that are made by a chemical reaction

endothermic reaction

absorbs energy in the form of heat or light (ex.photsythesis)

exothermic reaction

releases energy in the form of heat or light

photosythesis

6CO2 + 6H2O ----> C6H12O6 + 6O2

what kind of reaction is photosynthesis

endothermic, light energy is stored as chemical energy in sugar

cellular respiration

C6H12O6 + 6O2 --> 6CO2 + 6H2O

What kind of reaction is cellular respiration?

exothermic, chemical energy in sugar is converted to chemical energy released as ATP

what are metabolic reactions controlled by

enzymes

enzymes

mostly proteins that speed up biochemical reactions by lowering the activation energy

because they speed up reactions they are call what

catalysts

Catalysts

Substances that speed up reactions without permanently being altered

do enzymes change in a reaction

no, enzymes are not and can be used over and over again

what are enzymes critical for

the regulation of life's processes in all organisms

whay are enzymes very specific

they have an active site that fits only one substrate (reactant)

an induced fit

once the substrate connects and the binds tight

enzymes can _ bonds in a substrate to form what

can break bonds to form two products

enzymes can _ bonds between substrates to form what

make bonds to form one product

denaturation

enzymes active site gets deformed and loses its specific shape (loss of biological activity)

what is denaturation caused by

by environmental changes like extreme changes in pH, temperature, ion strength, and solubility

some enzymes can be "__" to their __, but not all

"renatured", original shape

temperature

increasing temperature increases the rate of the reaction (molecules moving faster and colliding more with each other)

pH

how acidic a solution is; most enzymes only work at a very specific pH so if the pH changes, it can affect the speed of reaction

substrate concentration

the higher the amount of substrate, the faster the reaction (due to more particle collisio)ns

catalysts

(like enzymes) speed up reactions; lower activation energy needed for the reaction to start

competitive inhibitor

slows down reaction; competes with substrate for the active enzyme

most enzymes in the human body work best at 37 degrees C. What fo you think this means then when they are sick

Enzymes wont work because they are denatured

How do enzymes, substrates, and active site relate to each other?

they all connect to form a product at the active site