Studied by 4 people
What is the fundamental building block of matter composed of protons, neutrons, and electrons?
atom
What is a group of 2 or more atoms held together by chemical bonds?
molecule
What term describes the ability of an atom to attract electrons?
electronegativity
Which chemical bond involves the transfer of electrons from atom to atom where both atoms have different electronegativities?
ionic
Which chemical bond involves electrons shared between atoms of similar electronegativities?
covalent
What number of covalent bonds can form between two atoms?
1(single), 2(double), or 3(triple)
Which covalent bond involves equal sharing of electrons between two atoms of identical electronegativity?
non-polar
Which covalent bond involves unequal sharing of electrons between two atoms of different electronegativities?
polar
(Note: leads to the formation of a dipole)
Which chemical bond involves a weak bond between molecules with a hydrogen attached to a highly electronegative atom and is attracted to a negative charge on another molecule (F, O, or N)?
hydrogen bond
Which property of water describes its ability to dissolve substances with its dipole?
excellent solvent
Which property of water describes its ability to absorb a large amount of energy before changing temperature?
high heat capacity
(Note: also explains water's high heat of vaporization)
Which property of water describes its expansion upon freezing to become less dense than its liquid form?
ice floats
(Note: H-bonds are maximum distance apart)
Which property of water describes its attraction to like substances and itself?
cohesion/surface tension
(Note: attracted to other substances with H-bonds, including itself!)
Which property of water describes its attraction to unlike substances?
adhesion
(Note: capillary action is the flow of water without external force - ex: against gravity)
What are molecules composed of carbon atoms?
organic molecules
What is the simplest unit of a macromolecule?
monomer (1 unit)
What is the term for the linking of monomers?
polymer
What are are particular clusters of atoms that give organic molecules their key properties?
functional groups
What is the chemical formula for the hydroxyl functional group?
OH
(Note: polar and hydrophilic)
What is the chemical formula for the carboxyl functional group?
COOH
(Note: polar, hydrophilic, and a weak acid)
What is the chemical formula for the amino functional group?
NH2
(Note: polar, hydrophilic, and a weak base)
What is the chemical formula for the phosphate functional group?
(PO4)3-
(Note: polar, hydrophilic, acid)
What is the chemical formula for the carbonyl functional group?
C=O
(Note: polar and hydrophilic)
What is the chemical formula for the aldehyde functional group?
H-C=O
What is the chemical formula for the ketone functional group?
R-C=O
What is the chemical formula for the methyl functional group?
CH3
What is the term for a single sugar molecule with structure (CH2O)n.
monosaccharide
(ex: glucose or fructose)
What structural component differentiates a monosaccharide as alpha or beta?
anomeric carbon -OH down = alpha
anomeric carbon -OH up = beta
anomeric carbon is carbon that used to be carbonyl (C=O)
What is a two-sugar molecule joined by a glycosidic linkage?
disaccharide
(Note: sucrose, lactose, and maltose)
What is a series of connected monosaccharides?
polysaccharide
By what mechanism do polymers bonds form?
dehydration synthesis
By what mechanism do polymers bonds break?
hydrolysis
Which monomers compose sucrose?
glucose + fructose
Which monomers compose lactose?
glucose + galactose
Which monomers compose maltose?
glucose + glucose
What is a polymer of alpha-glucose molecules; store energy in plant cells?
starch
What is a polymer of alpha-glucose molecules; store energy in animal cells?
glycogen
(Note: differ in polymer branching from starch)
What is a polymer of beta-glucose; structural molecules for walls of plant cells and wood
cellulose
What is a polymer similar to cellulose, except each beta-glucose group has a nitrogen-containing group (n-acetylglucosamine) attached to the ring?
chitin
(Note: structural molecule in insect exoskeletons and fungal cell walls)
What are hydrophobic molecules that function in insulation, energy storage?
lipids
What are lipids consisting of three fatty acid chains attached to a glycerol backbone?
triglycerides
(AKA: triacylglycerols)
Which triglyceride contains no double bonds and has straight chains?
saturated
(Note: are bad for health since the straight chains stack densely and form fat plaques)
Which triglyceride contains double bonds that cause kinks in chains?
unsaturated
(Note: are better for health since chains stack less densely; can be cis or trans)
What are lipids comprised of two fatty acids and a phosphate group (+R) attached to a glycerol backbone?
phospholipids
What is the term for a phospholipid exhibiting both hydrophobic and hydrophilic properties?
amphipathic
Which lipid derivates contain three 6 membered rings and one 5 membered ring?
steroids
(Note: sex hormones, cholesterol, corticosteroids)
Which lipid derivatives are esters of fatty acids and monohydroxylic alcohols, used as protective coating or exoskeletons (lanolin)?
waxes
Which lipid derivatives are fatty acid carbon chains with conjugated double bonds and six-membered C-rings at each end?
carotenoids
(Note: includes pigments which produce colors in plants and animals. Subgroups are carotenes and xanthophylls)
Which lipid derivatives are a 4 joined pyrrole ring that often complexes with a metal? *Essential for function of hemoglobin.
porphyrins
(AKA: tetrapyrroles)
Which lipid derivatives are specialized in storage?
*White and brown
adipocytes
Which adipocyte is composed primarily of triglycerides with a small layer of cytoplasm around it?
white fat cell
Which adipocyte is composed mostly of mitochondria and cytoplasm with lipid droplets scattered throughout.
brown fat cell
Which lipid derivatives are similar to phospholipids but have a carbohydrate group instead of a phosphate group?
glycolipids
Which lipid derivatives contain lipid cores surrounded by phospholipids and apolipoproteins to transport fats in the blood?
lipoproteins
What membrane components might cells modify to maintain their cell membrane's fluidity?
fatty acids
In cold weather, what naturally happens to cell membranes?
become rigid
In warm weather, what naturally happens to cell membranes?
become more fluid
incorporate cholesterol and polyunsaturated fatty acids into the membrane.
Cholesterol acts as buffer and polyunsaturated increases membrane fluidity.
In cold weather, how does a cell compensate to prevent cell membrane rigidity?
incorporate cholesterol into the membrane as buffer. fatty acid tails are saturated and straight so they can pack and decrease fluidity.
In warm weather, how does a cell compensate to prevent cell membrane collapse?
What are polymers of amino acids joined by peptide bonds?
proteins
Casein in milk, ovalbumin in egg whites, and zein in corn seeds are examples of which type of proteins?
storage proteins
hemoglobin and cytochromes are examples of which type of proteins?
transport proteins
Which proteins catalyze reactions in both forward and reverse directions based on the substrate concentration?
enzymes
(Note: almost all are proteins, but RNA can also act as an enzyme)
They do not change the spontaneity only the rate at which it occurs. It is not an equilibrium point.
Enzymes and reaction spontaneity.
By what factors is enzyme efficiency determined?
temperature and pH
Amylase catalyzes the breaking of which bonds in starch?
alpha-glycosidic
What are non-protein molecules that assist enzymes?
cofactors
What is an enzyme called that is not combined with its cofactor?
apoenzyme/apoprotein
What is an enzyme called that is combined with its cofactor?
holoenzyme
What is a cofactor that is organic?
coenzyme
(ex: vitamins)
What is a cofactor that is covalently bound to its enzyme?
prosthetic group
What is the classification of proteins that are formed entirely of amino acids? ex: albumin, globulin, histones, albuminoid/sleroprotein
simple proteins
What is the classification of functional proteins that act as carriers or enzymes?
albumins and globulins
What is the classification of fibrous proteins that have structural function (ex: collagen)?
scleroproteins/albuminoid
Complex proteins composed of simple proteins and cofactors.
ex: lipoprotein, glycoprotein, chromoproteins, metalloprotein, nucleoprotein
conjugated proteins
What is the classification of a protein bound to a lipid?
lipoprotein
What is the classification of a protein bound to a carbohydrate?
glycoprotein
What is the classification of a protein bound to a pigmented molecule?
chromoprotein
What is the classification of a protein complexed around a metal ion?
metalloprotein
What is the classification of a protein that contains histone or protamine, bound to nucleic acid?
nucleoprotein
Which protein structure involves the sequence of amino acids connected by peptide bonds?
primary structure
Which protein structure involves the 3D shape resulting from hydrogen bonding between amino and carboxyl groups of adjacent amino acids?
secondary structure
(Note: alpha helices and beta sheets)
Which protein structure involves the 3D structure that forms due to non-covalent interactions between amino acid R groups (subunit interaction)?
tertiary
H-bonds
ionic bonds
hydrophobic effect
disulfide bonds
Van Der Waals forces
What are the non-covalent interactions found in tertiary structure?
Which protein structure involves the 3D shape of a protein that is a grouping of two or more separate peptide chains?
quaternary structure
Which proteins are somewhat water-soluble, dominated by tertiary structure, and have a diverse range of functions?
ex: hemoglobin, insulin, immunoglobin.
globular proteins
enzymatic
hormonal
inter/intracellular storage and transport
osmotic regulation
immune response
What are the functions of globular proteins?
Which proteins are not water soluble, dominated by secondary structure, are long polymers, and add strength to cells?
fibrous/structural proteins
(Note: collagen and keratin)
Which proteins function as membrane pumps, channels, or receptors?
membrane proteins
What process can occur when proteins are taken out of their ideal temperature, pH range, or solvent?
denaturation
reversed back to primary structure
What happens to the structure of the protein following denaturation?
usually irreversible, but in some cases, it can be reversed with the removal of the denaturing agent
Is protein denaturation permanent?
What are monomers that make up nucleic acids?
nucleotides
nitrogenous base
five carbon deoxyribose sugar
phosphate group
What are the components of nucleotides?
What unit consists of a sugar and nitrogenous base?
nucleoside
What is a nitrogen-containing compound that makes up a nucleotide?
nitrogenous base
adenine (A)
thymine (T)
cytosine (C)
guanine (G)
What are the nitrogenous bases found in DNA?
2
How many hydrogen bonds connect A and T?
3
How many hydrogen bonds connect C and G?
adenine (A)
uracil (U)
cytosine (C)
guanine (G)
What are the nitrogenous bases found in RNA?
Note
Flashcard