3. AP PSYCH

Memory

The persistence of learning over time with a process of encoding, storage, retrieval of information

Sensory memory

The immediate, initial recording of sensory information in the memory system.

ROUGHLY 2 ½ SECONDS

Short term memory

Activated memory which HOLDS A FEW ITEMS BRIEFLY

EX: “seven digits” of a phone number while dialing, before the information is stored or forgotten

Long term memory

The relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system

EX: Dates, names, numbers, events, flashbulb memories

Selective attention

The focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus

Rehearsal

The process of repeatedly practicing material so it can later be remembered

Iconic

(SPLIT-SECOND) 1/10 seconds

(SENS MEM) One is able to recall VISUAL IMAGES for a few milliseconds after physical image DISSAPEARENCE

Echoic

3/4. seconds

(SENS MEM) STORES auditory information for a SHORT PERIOD

Encoding

the processing of information into the memory system

Storage

the retention of encoded information over time

Retrieval

the process of getting information out of memory storage

Repression

basic “DEFENSE” MECHANISM that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories

Relearning

A memory measure that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material for a second time.

Implicit memory

The UNCONSCIOUS RETENTION and RETRIEVAL of info without conscious awareness

Explicit memory

(aka DECLARATIVE MEMORY) The CONSCIOUS RECOLLECTION of factual information or personal experiences

automatic processing

unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency

Imagery

(VISUAL ENC.) Mental pictures

POWERFUL MEM TOOL

Chuncking

“Digested bites” or chunks

Testing

Testing oneself on terms or vocabs

Method of loci

(“LOCI = LOCATION”)

A mnemonic device to trick an aid in memory storage and retrieval

Long-term potentiation

A persistent strengthening of synapses based upon recent patterns of activity

**A thought KEY MECHANISM behind memory and learning

Shallow processing

Encoding on BASIC LEVELS, based upon STRUCTURE AND APPEARENCE of words

THINK: Tammet, “brain-man”

Deep processing

Encoding SEMANTICALLY, based on the MEANING OF WORDS

**TENDS TO YEILD BEST RETENTION (storing and recalling info/ experiences)

Amnesia

the Partial or Total loss of memory, typically resulting from brain injury, trauma or illness

anterograde

(AMNESIA) loss of memory for events immediately following a trauma

retrograde

(AMNESIA) loss of memory for events immediately preceding a trauma, loss of memories that were stored before a traumatic event

Interference

“The INABILITY to..”

When new or old info DISRUPTS THE ABILITY to RECALL OTHER INFO from memory

Proactive

(INTERFERENCE) When previously learned information HINDERS learning and remembering NEW INFO

**CAN’T RECALL NEW

Retroactive

(INTERFERENCE) Happens when NEWLY AQUIRED INFO interferes with RECALLING previously learned material

**CAN’T RECALL OLD

Retrieval Cues

Stimuli that aids the recall or recognition of information stored in memory

“What lowers the chance of Forgetting?”

Mood congruent

(RETRIEVAL CUE) When humans store memories about an events they also store the EMOTION they felt ALONG WITH THE MEMORY

EX: “If you’re sad, you’ll recall unhappy events, if you’re happy you’ll recall other happy events”

State dependent

(RETRIEVAL CUE) What we learn in ONE STATE will be easy to recall again IN THE SAME STATE

EX: “you may be drunk and leave your keys somewhere, when sober you’ll forget where the keys are, but drunk again you’ll remeber”

Context Dependent

(RETRIEVAL CUE) Specifically remembering information in the SAME PLACE we encoded it

EX: “you need to sharpen your pencil, but once you get up from your desk you forget why you got up, once at desk again you remember you needed to sharpen your pencil”

Ebbinghaus curve

Graph representing how MEMORY DECREASES OVER TIME if there’s no attempt to retain or retrieve the information

We tend to forget rapidly at first, then it begins to slow down

Tip of tounge

An experience of knowing that we know something but being unable to access it

Priming

Individual are more likely to remember the FIRST ITEMS presented within a sequence

Recency

Individual are more likely to remember the LAST ITEMS presented within a sequence

Elizabeth Loftus

cognition and memory; studied repressed memories and false memories; showed how easily memories could be changed and falsely created by techniques such as leading questions and illustrating the inaccuracy in eyewitness testimony