Pharmacology flashcards

Atropine

• Has many different trade names

• Type of anticholinergic

• Used for cats, dogs, horses, sheep, and cattle

• Adrenergic drug

• Causes digestion to stop

• Dilates pupils, causes BPM to increase, and more blood flow to skeletal muscles

• Fast active

• Can be given SQ, IV, IM

• Reversal drug includes physostigmine

• Used in cases of intestinal obstruction, tachycardia, hypersensitivity

Glycopyrrolate

• Generic name Robinul-V

• Type of anticholinergic

• cholinergic

• Can be used in dogs, cats, horses, ferrets, and reptiles

• Longer duration than atropine but has a slower start

• Used commonly as a pre-anesthetic

• Better for C-sections does not cross placental barrier

• Used for hypersensitivity, gastrointestinal diseases

• Reversal drug Neostigmine

• Less likely to cause tachycardia, arrhythmias, and ileus

• Preferred drug for rabbits

Amitraz

• Brand name Mitaban

• it is an antidepressant drug under the category monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOI’s)

• It is also commonly used as a parasitic treatment

• This drug can be toxic in cats or small animals

• Certain side effects include could be CNS depression, respiratory depression, bradycardia, and hypotension

• Reversal drug yohimbine

Selegiline

• Brand name Anipryl

• Used in dogs to treat Cushings and cognitive dysfunction syndrome

• It can also be used as an antidepressant

• Under the class monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)

• Common side effects include hyperactivity, confusion, and gastrointestinal upset

• It increases levels of dopamine to the brain

Fluoxetine

• Brand names include Prozac and reconcile

• It is a type of antidepressant drug under the class selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI’s)

• These drugs block the removal of serotonin allowing for more serotonin to remain for longer periods

• It is used for the treatment of canine separation anxiety in conjunction with behavior modification plan

• it is commonly given in chewable tablets

• Common adverse reactions include lethargy, reduced appetite, vomiting, shaking, diarrhea, aggression and potentially seizures

• Contradictions include history of seizures, drugs that lower seizure threshold, and hypersensitivity to other SSRIs

Amitryptaline

• Brand name Elavil

• Used as an antidepressant drug under the class of tricyclics (TCA’s)

• Decreases serotonin repute, allows it to accumulate prolongs activity

• Used for separation anxiety/general anxiety in dogs, excessive grooming, spaying, and anxiety for cats

• Dosage in dogs is 1-4 mg/kg PO q 12hrs

• Dosage in cats is 5-10 mg per cat PO once or twice daily

• Common side effects are drowsiness, changes in appetite, GI issues, and lethargy

Clomipramine

• Brand name clomicalm

• It is an antidepressant drug under the class of tricyclics (TCA’s)

• Decreases serotonin repute, allows it to accumulate prolongs activity

• Helps treat obsessive-compulsive disorders

• Male dominance aggression and noise phobias, and separation anxiety

• Common dose is 2-4 mg/kg once daily or divides twice daily given PO

Sertraline

• Brand name Zoloft

• it is an SSRI’s

• Used for canine aggression, OCD, anxiety, and spraying in cats

• Dog dosage- 2.5-5.0 mg/kg

• Cat dosage- 1.0-4.0 mg/kg

• For drugs like these to work behavioral modification must also be done

• Not a controlled substance

• Can be used in dogs, cats, and horses

Paroxetine

• Brand name Paxil

• It is an SSRI antidepressant agent

• Used to treat canine aggression, OCD, anxiety, and spraying in cats

• Used in dogs and cats

• This drug is specific for serotonin

• Potential side effects are vomiting, diarrhea, drowsiness, and decreased appetite

• Contradictions of this drug include animals with history of seizures, blood and kidney disorders

Diazepam

• Brand name valium

• Class IV controlled substance

• Used for emergency treatment of status epileptics

• Has a short half-life which means it has to be given often

• Can be administered orally, injectable, and rectal gel

• It is a type of benzodiazepines

• Dosage in dogs- 0.5- 2.2 mg/kg

• Dosage in cats depends on what behavior you’re looking to treat

Midazolam

• Brand name versed

• Is a type of benzodiazepines

• Used to treat fear, aggression, separation anxiety, OCD, and spraying in cats

• new choice of drug for emergency treatment of status epilepticus

• It can be used off label or extra label

• it comes in forms of injection, suspension, and nasal spray

• Side effects include lethargy, vomiting, reduced appetite, and agitation

• Contradictions include geriatric patients, or those suffering from liver or kidney disease

Acepromazine maleate

• Brand name PromAce

• It is an antipsychotic, phenothiazines

• Considered a major tranquilizer

• Side effects include lethargy, weakness, hyperactivity, high heart rate

• Can be given IV, Im, SQ, or orally

• Can be used in cats, dogs, and horses

• Not a controlled substance

• Contradictions include boxer/giant breeds, and sometimes terrier and greyhound breeds

• Used as a preanesthetic and tranquilizer for traveling, thunderstorms, and fireworks

levetiracetam

• Brand name keppra

• It is a newer anticonvulsant drug

• Minimal sedative effect, decreased hepatic metabolism

• Used to manage epilepsy and seizures

• Can be used in dogs, cats, and horses

• It is not a controlled substance

• Side effects include sleepiness, drooling, decreased appetite, and incoordination

Potassium Bromide

• Brand name KBr

• Has a long half-life which is measures in days and not hours

• It is a type of anticonvulsant

• It has been used since the 1800’s

• it is mainly used in cases when phenobarbital is not effective alone

• Avoid using this drug in cats because it could cause bronchitis

• requires 3-5 months to reach equilibrium

• Can be used in dogs, horses, and cats if used very cautiously

Phenobarbital

• Brand name barbiturate or luminal

• Used for long term control of seizures

• It is a class IV substance

• Common side effects include sedation & ataxia, polyphasic, PU/PD

• it is easy for an animal to become tolerant so they may require dosage changes

• Can be used in dogs, cats, horses, cattle, ferrets, rabbits, and birds

• Commonly used with other medications when phenobarbital alone isn’t enough

Alfaxalone

• Brand name Alfaxan

• Type of induction drug

• Newer anesthetic similar to propofol but with less apnea

• Approved for both cats and dogs

• Is a class IV controlled substance

• Has no analgesia, and can be given IM

• Contradictions include hypersensitivity to this drug

• Must be administered slowly because it could cause apnea

• It is a rapid drug so sedation results happen quickly

• Lasts about 25 minutes in dog and 45 minutes in cats

Guaifenesin

• Brand name GG

• Used primarily in equine medicine as a muscle relaxant

• Also relaxes the laryngeal and pharyngeal for easier intubation

• It has mild analgesic and sedative effect

• Is an excitement-free drug

• Not a controlled substance

• Contradictions include hypersensitivity and porphyria

Propofol

• Brand name PropoFlo 28

• A type of drug used for induction

• Has a rapid onset and excitement-free stage when given slowly through IV

• Has no analgesia

• If it is administered to fast it could cause respiratory depression (apnea) in patients

• It is a drug you give “to effect” (till you see the medication work)

• It is the only white drug given IV

• Used in dogs, cats, rodents, rabbits, and snakes

• Contradictions include any hypersensitivity and slow recovery with hepatic disease

isoflurane

• Brand name Isoflo

• One of the most common used general anesthetics in veterinary medicine

• Low cost and very stable

• Causes only a small decrease in cardiac output

• Most animals can be maintained at 1.5% to 2.5%

• Is an anesthetic inhalant that must be turned from a liquid to a gas for it to work

• Side effects could include hypotension, hypothermia, cardiac and respiratory depression, and nausea/vomitting

• Can be used in dogs, cats, horses, cattle, rodents, and reptiles

sevoflurane

• Brand name servo-flo

• Not a controlled substance

• Most commonly used on dogs and horses

• it has an extremely rapid induction rate

• The best choice for mask and chamber inductions

• Has a low odor smell and a is a higher cost than Iso

• Animals can be maintained at 2.5% to 4%

• Side effects include decreased heart rate, hypotension, and respiratory depression

• Has no analgesia

• Animals on sevoflurane must be monitored carefully as overdose is easy

• Can be used in cats, dogs, horses, cattle, rodents, ducks, and reptiles

doxapram

• Brand name Dopram, respiram

• Stimulates respiration through the CNS

• Reverses respiratory depression from inhalant agents and barbiturates

• Administered IV, IM, SQ or sublingual drop for neonates

• Repeat injections might be required

• Lowers seizure threshold

• Emergency dose is 1-5 mg/kg in adults and 1-5 drops in neonates

• Contradictions include seizures, heart failure, and hypertension

• Can be used in dogs, cats, horses, cattle, rodents, and reptiles

Flumazenil

• Brand name Roamzicon

• A reversal agent for benzodiazepines

• Reverses overdoses or therapeutic effects

• Given by rapid IV injection

• Has a short half-life, after 1 hour it might need to re-dosed

• when used with tricyclics it may cause seizures

• Side effects include injection site reactions, and vomiting or ataxia

• Contradictions include animals using benzodiazepines, and do not use with tricyclic overdose

• Species include dogs and cats

Detomidine

• Brand name Dormosedan

• Is a alpha-2 agonists

• Approved for use as a sedative analgesic in horses

• Reversal agent includes tolaoline or antisedan

• Has a longer sedation and analgesia than others with 30-90 minutes of sedation and 30-45 minutes of analgesia

• Can be given IV or IM

• Side effects include increased blood pressure, extra sensitive to sound/stimuli, and bradycardia

• Contradictions is horses in shock or organ failure, heart block, CRF, and colic

• Can be used in horses, cattle, sheep, and ducks

dexmedetomidine

• Brand name Dexdomitor

• Is an alpha-2 agonist

• Approved to be used in dogs over 12 weeks of age\

• Should be given IV, IM, or SQ

• Has a greater potency than Xylazine

• Other dosages must be reduced when combined with this drug

• Reversal drug is atipamezole given IV or IM

• Side effects include bradycardia, hypertension, and prolonged sedation effects

• Contradictions include young or very old animals, and cardiac, renal, or epileptic disease

• Can be used in dogs or cats

xylazine

• Brand name Rompun

• Is an alpha-2 agonists

• Used as a sedative and Analgesic agent, and can be used as an acetic in cats

• Can be given IV, IM, SQ, or IP

• Reversal drugs include yohimybine, tolazoline, or atipamezole

• Side effects include muscle tremors, bradycardia/bradypnea, AV block, and response to auditory stimuli

• Contradictions include cattle, who are 10X more sensitive, organ dysfunction/seizures, and do not use with epinephrine

• Can be used in cats, dogs, horses, cattle, sheep, rodents, duck, but do not use in pigs

Atipamazole

• Brand name Antisedan

• Type of alpha-2 agonist

• reversal agent: at legal volume of dexomitor given IM

• Is a type of sedative or antagonist reversal

• Can be given IV, IM, or SQ

• Side effects include muscle tremors, vomiting, diarrhea, salivation, and aggression in early stages of recovery

• Contradictions include Bradycardia due to dexmedetomidine, consider additional analgesia if it was used to cover pain

• Can be used in dogs, cats, horses, cattle, rodents, reptiles, and ducks

Yohimbine

• Brand name Yobine

• type of alpha-2 agonist

• dog/cat reversal agent

• Reverses the sedation effects of xylazine within 1-3 minutes of IV administration

• Can be given IV, IM, or SQ

• Side effects include CNS excitement, muscle tremors, and increased respiratory rates

• Contradictions include seizure disorders and renal disease, or hypertension

• Can be used in dogs, cats, horses, cattle, pigs, sheep, rodents, rabbits, and ducks

ketamine

• Brand name Ketaset

• Type of dissociative

• Is a class III controlled substance

• Often used in combination with other drugs like diazepam, xylazine, acepromazine, and guaifenesin for large animals

• When mixed with diazepam it is called KetVal

• Can be given IV, IM, or SQ

• Side effects include cat’s eyes staying open, hypertension, muscle tremors, hypertonicity, lowers seizure threshold, and apneustic respirations

• Contradictions include high doses which can cause respiratory depression, not meant for animals intended for food consumption

• Species include dogs, cats, horses, cattle, pigs, sheep, rodents, rabbits, reptiles, turtles, and ducks

Morphine

• Morphine is a class II controlled substance

• It is a pure agonist with actions at the mu and kappa receptors

• It can be used in both cats and dogs but should be used with more caution in cats because it can cause mophine mania

• Contradiction includes vomiting

• Reversal agent includes naloxone

• Can cause histamine release if given too fast IV

• Used for visceral and somatic pain

• provides analgesia for 2-3 hours with severe pain and 4-6 hours in mild to moderate pain

oxymorphone

• Also known as Numorphan

• It is an mu agonist

• this drug has a greater analgesic potency and sedative effect than morphine, with fewer side effects

• Is a class II controlled substance

• Analgesia for this drug lasts about 4 hours

• Can be used in cats and dogs but not for horses

• reversal agent is naloxone

• Can be administered IV, IM, and SQ

hydromorphone

• Brand name dilaudid

• A class II controlled substance

• It is an mu agonist opioid

• Slightly less potent than oxymorphone but with similar duration of effect

• Less expensive than oxymorphone

• Can be administered IV, IM, SQ, and epidurally

• Can be given to cats and dogs

• Potential side effects include vomiting, sedation, lethargy, bradycardia, and dizziness

fentanyl

• Brand name Duragesic

• Class II controlled substance

• It is very potent and has a rapid onset and short duration of effect

• Most commonly given as an IV drip or as a skin patch, but also IM and SQ

• It can induce sedation, bradycardia, panting, and hypersensitivity

• Can be given to cats and dogs

• When given in patch form make sure to wear gloves because it is absorb through skin

• Used primarily for post-op pain control after major surgeries and chronic severe pain

• When wearing patch avoid contact with heating pads it could cause an overdose

butorphanol

• Brand name torbugesic or torbutrol

• It is a class IV controlled substance

• It is an agonist at the mu receptors while an antagonist at the kappa receptors

• Can be given IV, IM, SQ, or by mouth

• Used for mild to moderate visceral pain, especially cranial abdominal pain in dogs, cats, and horses

• Has a short duration of analgesia only around 1 to 2 hours

• Produce less sedation than other opioids and less cardiac depression than morphine

• Can also partially reverse the effects of other opioids like morphine

buprenorphine

• Brand name buprenex

• It is a type of analgesic (used for pain control)

• a partial agonist, stimulates mu receptors but to less effect than morphine

• Can be given IV, IM, by mouth, and topically

• Does not provide analgesia for moderate to severe pain inducing procedures

• It is a class III controlled substance

• Used in cats and dogs

• It takes longer to be effective

tramadol

• Class IV controlled substance

• opioid and serotonin affecting agent

• Reversal drug is yohimbine

• less addictive, street drug

• Not the best pain control, used with another drug usually

• Typically given orally with or without food

• Mainly used in cats and dogs and has both label and off-label use

• Potential side effects include vomiting, diarrhea, lethargy, and bradycardia

naloxone

• Brand name Narcan

• It is a reversal agent for opioids, the depressant and sedation effect

• Dosage for dogs is 0.04 mg/kg IV, IM, or SQ

• Dosage for cats 0.05-0.1 mg/kg IV

• it is part of the four emergency drugs L.E.A.N

• The reversal effects happen within minutes depending on how its given

acetylsalicylic acid

• Also known as aspirin

• It is a type of NSAID’s

• Used in dogs but carefully in cats

• Cats do not metabolize aspirin well which could lead to toxicity

• Used for analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and anti-platelet effects

• Buffered aspirin is preferred to lessen GI effects

• Dosage for dogs include 10-25 mg/kg PO every 8-12 hours with food

• Dosage for cats 5 mg per cat by mouth every 3 days

phenylbutazone

• Brand name Bute

• It is a type of NSAID’s

• Used mainly in horses but is also approved in dogs

• Provides analgesia to mild to moderate pain associated with lameness

• Fever reducer

• Anti-inflammatory

• Used for analgesic, anti-pyretic, and anti-inflammatory properties

• Has become less common due to safer and less expensive drugs

• Can be administered IV or orally but should never be given IM

flunixin meglumine

• Brand name banamine

• Used mainly in horses but is approved in cattle and has been used off-label on dogs for parvo

• Can only be given IV

• If given IM it can be very irritating for the animal

• Should be used with caution in dogs as it tends to drop temperature rapidly which could be deadly

• Dosage is 1.1 mg/kg IV, PO once daily for up to 5 days

carprofen

• Brand name Rimadyl

• It is not a controlled substance

• Used as an anti-inflammatory and analgesic but it does exhibit some effects on fever

• Approved for only in dogs

• Safer on the GI system than aspirin

• Animals must be monitored for vomiting and diarrhea

• Dosage 1 mg/lb by mouth twice a day

• Dosage 1-2 mg/lb when given SQ, as appropriate for pain

meloxicam

• Brand names include Metacam, Mobic, or laxicam

• It is an NSAID

• It has fewer side effects than other NSAID’s, GI effects are still possible but only occur occasionally

• It is no longer recommended as the main NASID post-op for cats due to the potential for renal toxicity

• Dosage for dogs is 0.2 mg/kg PO or SQ as the loading dose

• Dosage for cats 0.2 mg/kg PO as an initial dose

• Maintenance dose is given at regular intervals to maintain a steady state

acetaminophen

• Brand name tylenol

• It can be used in dogs at the proper dose but NEVER in cats

• In cats it can cause muddy gums

• Dogs to not metabolize this drug as well as humans so there are better drugs out there to use

• It is only rarely used in vet med

motrin

• Brand name Ibuprofen

• Should never be used in cats and dogs

• It can cause major toxicity including acute renal failure

gabapentin

• Brand name is Neurontin

• It is not a controlled substance

• Used as an analgesic and anticonvulsant

• Experimentally used for neuropathic and chronic pain

• Can be given in a tablet or capsule form or as a liquid

• It is important not to stop this drug abruptly as it could cause withdrawal seizures

• Potential side effects include sedation effects and drowsiness

lactated ringer’s (LRS)

• This is a type of lsotonic solutions

• Type of crystalloid

• Contains electrolytes and glucose

• Can be used for acute blood volume restoration

• Contains lactate and calcium

• Don’t use this fluid in the same line as blood or sodium bicarbonate as it could cause a reaction

0.9% NaCl (Sodium Chloride) 

• Type of isotonic solutions

• It is a type of crystalloid

• Contains electrolytes and glucose

• It is used in shock to increase plasma volume

• Also in patients with conditions such as hyponatremia or hypochloremia

Normosol-R

• Type of isotonic solutions

• As a crystalloid

• Balanced electrolyte solution and can also be used for acute blood volume replacement

• Contains magnesium byt no calcium

• Also contains acetate and gluconate as buffers

50% Dextrose 

• It is a type of hypotonic solution

• Used in cases of hypernatremia, hyperkalcemia, congestive heart failure, and liver disease

• It is considered a maintenance fluid as they have less sodium than plasma

• Primarily used to supplement existing fluids to a desired glucose concentration

Hetastarch

• Also can be known as vet starch

• It is a type of colloid

• Helps rapidly improves blood pressure

• Remains in intravascular space, expands blood volume

• 30-60% remains in plasma after 24 hours

• More expensive

potassium chloride (KCl) 

• Type of additive

• used as a supplement for long-term maintenance fluid therapy

• Helps prevent hypokalemia

• Fluids containing high dosages of potassium chloride must be given slowly

• Given rapidly can kill the patient

sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO₃) 

• Helps regulate hydrogen ion concentration in body fluids

• Adverse effects include metabolic alkalosis, hypokalemia, hypocalcemia, and hypernatremia

calcium gluconate (Ca⁺⁺) 

• Used as an injection for emergency conditions such as eclampsia, milk fever, and hypocalcemia

• Can be diluted with saline but most often isn’t

• Must to given slowly to avoid arrhythmia and cardiac arrest

heparin

• Type of fluid additive used at high dosages to treat systemic thrombosis and at lower doses for thrombooprophylaxis

L-thyroxine

• Also known as Thyrosin

• It is a type of systemic endocrine drug

• Drug used to treat hypothyroidism

• Commonly used in dogs, cats, and horses

• Given orally in a form of tablets or capsules

• Side effects include increased urination and thirst, vomiting/diarrhea, and hyper activity

methimazole

• Also known as Tapazole

• It is a systemic endocrine system drug

• Used to treat hyperthyroidism

• helps increase circulating thyroid hormone

• Most commonly used in cats suffering from this disease

regular insulin

• Also known as Humulin R

• It is a systemic endocrine drug

• Used to treat pancreatic disease such as diabetes mellitus

• Can be used in other species but most commonly in cats and dogs

• Regular insulin is the only type of insulin to be given IV

pimobendan 

• It is a type of systemic cardiac drug

• a positive inotrope and a balanced vasodilator

• used to help improve contractility of cardiac muscle fibers

• used to treat congestive heart failure in dogs

• Side effects include low blood pressure, gastrointestinal upset, nervousness, and kidney failure

epinephrine

• Also known as adrenaline

• A cardiac systemic drug

• it is a type of catecholamines, which is a short term contractility

• Used in emergencies of cardia arrest

• IT- double the dose

• it is usually kept refrigerated

Lidocaine

• Type of antiarrhythmic

• Drug used to treat Class 1 arrhythmias

• Blocks fast sodium channels providing membrane stabilization

• Used in cats and dogs

propanolol

• Type of antiarrhythmic, systemic rug

• Used to treat Class II arrhythmias

• Decreases sympathetic input to heart

• Beta-adrenergic blocking agent

mannitol

• A type of systemic cardiac drug such as a diuretic

• It is a drug used to help with fluid build up in the body

• Must be kept warm otherwise it crystalizes at room temperature

• Used to treat acute conditions such as intracranial and intraocular pressure

furosemide (Lasix/Salix)

• Also known as lasix/salix

• A type of cardiac systemic drug such as a diuretic

• It is a drug used to help with fluid build up in the body

• it is the most potent and commonly prescribed diuretic

• Commonly used to treat congestive heart failure, lung fluid retention, and certain kidney diseases

enalapril 

• A type of vasodilator, systemic cardiac drug

• This causes blood to flow more easily, reducing the workload of the heart

• causes expansion in the diameter of the blood vessels

• Used to treat congestive heart failure and kidney disease in cats and dogs

diphenhydramine (Benadryl)

• Also known as benadryl

• it is a type of antihistamine, respiratory systemic drug

• A type of treatment for allergies and respiratory conditions

• Adverse side effects include sedation and occasional GI effect

aminophylline

• A type of methylxanthines, respiratory systemic drug

• This drug is helps to treat against certain toxins an animal could have consumed ex. Chocolates

• Used especially in dogs and cats

• Relaxes smooth muscles in the airway, making it easier for animals to breathe

apomorphine

• It is a type of emetic, induces vomiting

• It is the most common choice in dogs

• a topical drug placed in the conjunctival sac or parenteral, works rapidly

• Class II controlled substance

• Flush out eye after vomiting has started

maropitant

• Also known as cerenia

• Apart of the gastrointestinal systemic drugs

• It is an antiemetic, prevents vomiting

• it is safer to use with GI obstructions

• Commonly used in cats and dogs

• Can be given trough injection or tablet form

Famotidine

• Also known as Pepcid

• Gastrointestinal systemic drug

• It is a type of antiulcer medication, reduces the production of stomach acid

• Much more potent and has fewer drug reactions than other medications

• It is an H2 receptor antagonist

sucralfate

• Also known as carafate

• It is a type of antiulcer medication, reduces production of stomach acid

• used to treat oral, esophageal, gastric and duodenal ulcers

• Forms a paste like substance in the stomach which binds to the surface of ulcers

• Works best in an acid environment

loperamide

• Also known as immodium

• A type of antidiarrheal medication

• Commonly used in dogs but is okay to use in cats

• If this medication isn’t controlled it can cause dehydration, acidosis, weakness and anorexia

metronidazole

• Also known as Flagyl

• Type of antimicrobial, miscellaneous GI drug

• It has some anti-inflammatory properties

• Helps treat against infections that can cause diarrhea

• Commonly prescribed in dogs

Atropine sulfate (drops)

• It is a type of mydriatic/cycloplegic

• It is a drug that causes dilation of the pupil, or temporarily paralyzes certain muscles in the eye

• Adverse side effects include salivation and contradiction in glaucoma and dry eye

• Commonly used in cats, dogs, and horses

• This drug helps when examining the eye and during surgery of the lens

pilocarpine

• Type of miotics, which is the contraction of the pupil

• it is a ophthalmic systemic drug

• Can also help stimulate tear production which is helpful in cases of dry eye

• It is a treatment for glaucoma

• Commonly used in dogs

Proparacaine HCl

• Type of Misc Ophthalmic agent

• Topical anesthetic

• It is an eye numbing agent used in cats, dogs, and horses

• Starts working in about 5-10 minutes

• Open bottles should be kept refrigerated after

• Used for corneal ulcer treatment, foreign object removal, or suture removal

Bacitracin neomycin polymyxin B (BNP)

• Type of Anti-microbial

• Should not be used in animals intended for food

• Used to treat bacterial infections of the eyelid and conjunctiva

• Commonly used in dogs and cats

• Side effects could include swelling, itching, and potentially burning

• Could potentially help with pain

gentamicin sulfate (Otomax)

• Type of optic drug

• Is a type of antibiotic used to treat ear infections

• It is often combined with other drugs

• Commonly used in dogs, cats, and horses

• Can be given through injection, topical , or orally

• It could potentially cause hearing loos so it is not recommended in working dogs ex. police dogs

nystatin neomycin (Panalog)

• Type of optic drug

• Panalog is a cream or ointment

• Helps treat ear infections or inflammation

• Commonly used in cats and dogs

• Often combined with other drugs

• Side effects include a sensitivity to neomycin along with ototoxicity

ivermectin

• Also known as ivomec

• Type of optic systemic drug

• Used to treat ear mites in dogs, cats, and rabbits

• Can be used in bovine on extralabel use

• Usually given SQ but may be used topically into the ear canal

• This is a common drug in heart worm prevention