Biology 2 Quiz

What are the 3 types of cells?

prokaryotic/bacteria, eukaryota, or archaea

What domains have prokaryotic cells?

bacteria and archaea

What consists of eukaryotic cells?

protists, fungi, animals, and plants

What are the 4 basic feature of all cells?

a plasma membrane surrounded by a phospholipid bilayer

a semifluid substance called the cytoplasm

chromosomes (carry genes) = nucleus or nucleoid

ribosomes (make proteins)

What are the 3 things eukaryotic cells characterized by?

DNA in a nucleus that is bounded by a membranous nuclear envelope

membrane-bound organelles

cytoplasm

What is the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

eukaryotic cells are generally larger than prokaryotic cells

What is the plasma membrane?

a selective barrier that allows sufficient passage of oxygen, nutrients, and waste to service the volume of every cell

What do the internal membranes of eukaryotic cells do?

partition the cell into organelles

What are cell membranes composed of?

double layer of phospholipids

What contains the most DNA/genes in a eukaryotic cell?

nucleus (houses genetic info)

What do ribosomes do?

use the information from DNA to make proteins (reads genetic info)

What does the nuclear envelope/membrane do?

encloses the nucleus, separating it from the cytoplasm

What type of membrane is the nuclear?

a double membrane, each membrane is comprised of a lipid bilayer

What do nuclear pores do?

regulate the entry/exit of molecules from the nucleus

What is the nuclear membrane lined by?

nuclear lamina

What is the nuclear lamina and what does it do?

composed of proteins and maintains the shape of the nucleus

What is DNA organized into in the nucleus?

chromosomes

What is chromatin?

DNA and proteins of chromosomes

What does chromatin do to prepare for cell divison?

condenses to form discrete chromosomes

Where is the nucleolus located?

in the nucleus

What is the importance of the nucleolus?

it is the site of ribosomal synthesis (rRNA)

What are ribosomes made of?

rRNA and protein

Where do ribosomes synthesize protein inside the cell?

cytosol (free ribosomes) - make soluble, cytoplasmic proteins

Where do ribosomes synthesize protein outside the cell?

outside of the ER or the nuclear envelope (bound ribosomes)

What are the 6 things the endomembrane system consists of?

nuclear envelope, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles, and plasma membrane

How do the components of the endomembrane system work?

either continuous or connected via transfer by vesicles

What does the endoplasmic reticulum account for?

more than half of the total membrane in many eukaryotic cells (continuous with the nuclear envelope)

What are the two regions of the endoplasmic reticulum?

smooth ER (lacks ribosome) & rough ER (surface studded with ribosomes)

What are 4 functions of smooth ER?

synthesizes lipids (makes more membranes)

metabolizes carbs

detoxifies drugs/poison

stores calcium ions

What are the 3 functions of rough ER?

has bound ribosomes which secrete glycoproteins, distributes transport vesicles, and is a membrane factory for the cell

What are glycoproteins?

proteins covalently bound to carbs

What are transport vesicles?

secretory proteins surrounded by membranes

What is the structure of golgi apparatus?

flattened membranous sacs called cisternae

What are the 3 functions of the golgi apparatus?

modifies products of the ER, manufactures certain macromolecules, and sorts/packages materials into transport vesicles

What is the cis face?

receiving side of golgi apparatus

What is the trans face?

shipping side of golgi apparatus

What is a lysosome?

membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes that can digest macromolecules

fuses with the food vacuole created by phagocytosis and digests

Where do lysosomal enzymes work best?

acidic environment inside the lysosome

How do hydrolytic enzymes and lysosomal membranes work?

made by the rough ER and transferred to the golgi apparatus for further processing

What is phagocytosis?

cell types can engulf another cell which forms a food vacuole

What do mitochondria and chloroplasts both do?

change energy from one form to another

What is mitochondria the site for?

cellular respiration

What is chloroplast the site for?

photosynthesis

Where are chloroplasts found?

leaves and other green organs of plants and algae

What is cellular respiration? (mitochondria)

a metabolic process that uses O2 to generate ATP

What are the 3 similarities between bacteria in mitochondria and chloroplasts?

enveloped by a double membrane

contain free ribosomes/circular DNA molecules

grow/reproduce independently in cells

What is the endosymbiont hypothesis?

an early ancestor of eukaryotes engulfed an oxygen-using, non-photosynthetic prokaryotic cell

What is an endosymbiont?

the engulfed cell forming a relationship with the host cell

What does the endosymbiont evolve into?

mitochondria

How does an endosymbiont evolve into chloroplast?

one of the early ancestor of eukaryotes engulfed a photosynthetic prokaryote

What is the structure of mitochondria?

a smooth outer membrane and an inner membrane folded into cristae

What two compartments are created by the inner membrane?

the intermembrane space and the mitochondrial matrix

What is catalyzed in the mitochondrial matrix?

several metabolic steps of cellular respiration

What does cristae do in the mitchondria?

presents a large surface area for enzymes that synthesize ATP

What do chloroplasts contain?

the green pigment chlorophyll and enzymes/other molecules that function in photosynthesis

What does the structure of chloroplast consist of?

thylakoids and stroma

What are thylakoids?

membranous sacs stacked to form a granum

What is stroma?

the internal fluid in chloroplast

What are plastids?

the chloroplast

What is the cytoskeleton?

network of fibers that organizes the cell’s structure and activities

What are the 3 functions of the cytoskeleton?

supports the cell, maintains its shape, and interacts with motor proteins to produce motility

What are the 3 main fibers in the cytoskeleton?

microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments

What are the 3 functions of microtubules?

cell shape

chromosome/organelle movement

control beating of flagella and cilia (thickest)

What are the 2 functions of microfilaments?

cell shape and motility (thinnest) (actin filaments)

What are the 2 functions of intermediate filaments?

cell shape and nuclear lamina (diameters = middle range)

What is flagella and cilia?

microtubule-containing extensions that project from some cells

Where do most cells synthesize and secrete materials?

external to the plasma membrane

What is the cell wall?

an extracellular structure that distinguishes plant cells from animal cells

What is the function of the cell wall in plant cells?

protects it

maintains its shape

and prevents excessive uptake of water

What are plant cell walls made of?

cellulose fibers embedded in other polysaccharides and protein

What are some other things that have cell walls?

prokaryotes, fungi, and some unicellular eukaryotes

What do animal cells have instead of a cell wall?

extracellular matrix (ECM)

What is the extracellular matrix made up of?

collagen, proteoglycans, and fibronectin

What does the extracellular matrix proteins do?

bind to receptor proteins in the plasma membrane called integrins

What do cells rely on in order to function?

the integration of their inner structures

What distinguishes living things from nonliving matter?

the ability of organisms to produce more of their own kind

What is cell divison?

reproduction of cells

How does cell division in unicellular organisms happen?

division of one cell reproduces the entire organism (e-coli)

What do multicellular eukaryotes need cell division for?

development, growth, and repair

What is the cell cycle?

repeated pattern of growth and division that occurs in eukaryotic cells

What are the 3 functions of cell division in eukaryotes

reproduction, growth/development, and tissue renewal

What does cell division result in?

daughter cells with identical genetic information (DNA)

Why do cells need to reproduce?

their surface area can no longer supply their increasing volume with nutrients and/or eliminate wastes

What is the genome?

the entire set of DNA instructions found in a cell

What does a genome consist of?

a single DNA molecule (prokaryotes) or a number of DNA molecules (eukaryotic)

What are DNA molecules packages into?

chromosomes

What are somatic cells?

non sex cells = have two of each chromosome (one from mom and one from dad)

What are gametes?

sex cells = half as many chromosomes as somatic cells

How are cells prepared for cell division?

DNA is replicated and chromosomes condense

What are sister chromatids?

joined identical copies of the original chromosome

What happens after DNA is replicated in cell division?

each duplicated chromosome has two sister chromatids

What is the centromere?

the narrow “waist" of the duplicated chromosome where the two chromatids are most closely attached

What happens to the two sister chromatids during cell division?

the two sister chromatids of each duplicated chromosome separate and move into the two nuclei

What are sister chromatids called once they seperate?

daughter chromosomes

Who discovered cell division?

Walther Flemming developed dyes to observe chromosomes during mitosis and cytokinesis

What is mitosis?

division of genetic material

What is cytokinesis?

division of cytoplasm

What is the miotic phase?

mitosis and cytokinesis

What is interphase?

cell growth and DNA synthesis

What are the 3 phases of interphase

G1, S, and G2