Exam 4 tree of life

Cladogram

Diagram that shows the evolutionary relationships among a group of organisms

Phylogram

A phylogenetic tree in which the lengths of the branches reflect the number of genetic changes that have taken place in a particular DNA or RNA sequence in the various lineages

chronogram

branch length is proportional to time

oldest eukaryotic fossils

2.1 billion years ago

Oldest evidence of life

3.5 Ga

Great Oxygenation Event

2.4 Ga

Origin of Earth

4.6 Ga

Origin of Oceans

3.8 Ga

Origin of Land plants

475 mya

Cambrian explosion

530 mya

origin of the universe

13.8 Ga

Prokaryotes

A (probably) paraphyletic group of simple cellular organisms that are unicellular or colonial and have a metabolically diverse diet

Number prokaryotes

13,000 species

2 main groups of prokaryotes

Bacteria and Archaea

2 Major clades of bacteria

Gracillicutes and Terrabacteria

Bacteria Morphology

3 basic shapes: cocci, bacilli, spirilla

Bacteria repoduction

binary fission

Conjugation

In bacteria, the direct transfer of DNA between two cells that are temporarily joined.

Bacteria Metabolism

Autotroph, heterotroph, & nitrogen fixers

photosynthetic bacteria groups

Proteobacteria, Chloroflexota, Cyanobacteria

Gracilicutes include

Proteobacteria and spirochaeotoa

Terrabacteria include

Chloroflexota and Cyanobacteria

Proteobacteria

Purple bacteria capable of anoxygenic photosynthesis via sulfur production. Possible mitochondrial ancestor

Proteobacteria metabolism

Nitrogen fixers, (can be) photosynthesizers

Proteobacteria examples

E. coli and Salmonella and bubonic plague

Spirochetes

spiral shaped bacteria that are free living

Structure unique to Spirochetes

Endoflagella

Examples of Spirochetes

syphilis and lyme disease

Cyanobacteria (blue-green algae)

photosynthetic bacteria that may fix nitrogen and are sometimes symbionts. Result in algal blooms or stromatolites. Often form large colonies

Cyanobacteria contain

chlorophyll

Photosynthesis in Cyanobacteria occur in

Thylakoids

heterocysts

nitrogen-fixing cells

Akinetes

large, oval, dense, spore-like cells that allow blue-green bacteria to survive adverse conditions

Earliest evidence of Cyanobacteria

3.5 Ga

Archea

Domain of unicellular prokaryotes that have cell walls that do not contain peptidoglycan

4 major archaea groups

Methanogens, Extremophiles, Non extreme, Halophytes

Methanogens

Archaea that release methane, a greenhouse gas.

extremophiles

Archaea that live in extreme environments.

Non extreme archea

Live in the soil

Halophytes

Archea that live in saline environments

Asgard Archaea

A group of archaeal lineages that includes the closest known prokaryotic relatives of eukaryotes

Eukaryotic cell structure

Nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, mitocondria, chloroplast, cytoskeleton, phagocytosis

Infolding hypothesis (eukaryotic cell)

Prokaryotic cell membrane infolded upon itself to encircle DNA which allowed phagocytosis

endosymbiotic theory

Protoeukaryote evolved a nucleus and ER and engulfs a proteobacteria

Evidence of Proteobacterial origin of mitochondria

Reduced genome, circular DNA, ribosomes, and reproduction via binary fission

Lynn Margulis

Developed the Endosymbiotic Theory.

Acritarchs

Represent the diversification of algae and the origin of plankton

Evidence of Chloroplast Cyanobacteria origin

Plastids, primary and secondary symbiosis

primary symbiosis

Chloroplast has 2 membranes

secondary symbiosis

Chloroplast surrounded by 3 membranes

alternation of generations

the alternation between the haploid gametophyte and the diploid sporophyte in a plant's life cycle

Excavates

have a feeding groove, lack mitochondria, and have many flagella

Excavate groups

Discoba and Metamonda

Discoba groups

Euglenozoa and Heterolobosea

Euglenozoa groups

euglenids and kinetoplastids

Euglenozoa

Unicellular and heterotrophic. Some are photosynthetic(1/3). Reproduce through binary fission

of Euglenozoa

1500 species

Euglenozoa examples

Euglena, phacus

Pellicle

cell membrane in euglenas that facilitates movement

Kinoplastida

Parasites and Pathogens. Zoomastigophorans

Kinoplastida groups

Trypanosomes and Leshimanias

Kinoplastida metabolism

Saprobic, holozic

Saprobic

Eating dissolved organics/dead tissue

Holozoic

Eating solid food matter

Kinoplastida examples

Sleeping sickness and Leshimaniasis

Heterolobosea

Naegleria fowleri (brain eating amoeba)

Metamonda

Unicellular and mostly parasitic, lacks a mitochondria, has 4 flagella

Metamonda grpups

Diplomonads

Diplomonads

Giardia lamblia: contaminates streams

Diplomondas cause

Gas, diarrhea, Giardiasis

SAR group

Stramenopiles, Alveolates, Rhizarians

Rhizara

Unicellular non photosynthetic ameboids surrounded by tests.

Rhizaria use ____ for locomotion

pseudopodia/reticulopodia

Psuedopodia

A cellular extension of amoeboid cells used in moving and feeding.

reticulopodia

type of pseudopodia that is thin with attached branches with net like appearance

Rhizaria groups

radiolarians and foraminiferans

Radiolarians

Silica tests Intricately ornamented

Foraminiferans

secrete a hardened shell containing calcium carbonate

Kansas Chalk is made of

Foraminiferans

Alveolates

Unicellular eukaryotes with alveoli

Alveolates metabolism

Predatory heterotrophs, autotrophs, parasites

Alveolate groups

dinoflagellates, apicomplexans, ciliates

Cilophora

ciliates that have cilia, sometime sessile

Ciliophora groups

Stentors and Peritrichs

Stentors

Massive filter feeders

Stentor example

Verticillia, paramecium, coeruleus

Peritrichs

Filter feeders that can elongate

Peritrichs examples

Vorticella

Apicomplexans

Alveolates that are parasitic, autotrophs, or predatory heterotrophs

of apicomplexans

4600

Apicomplexan example

Plasmodium (malaria)

Dinoflagellates

Group of protists that form blooms made of cellulose and can be biflagellate

of Dinoflagellates

4000

Dinoflagellate metabolism

They are autotrophs, heterotrophs or mixotrophs

Zooxanthellae

Forms an endosymbiotic relationship with corals and performs photosynthesis.

Stramenopiles

Clade of protists with "hairy" flagellum includes water molds, diatoms, and brown algae

Heterokont

cell bearing both kinds of flagella, stramenophiles

Stramenophile metabolism

Heterotrophs and autotrophs

Bacillariophyta (diatoms)

Unicellular or colonial phytoplankton

of Diatoms

100,000