TExES Social Studies 7-12 (232) World History Competency 002 (B-F)

Ghana

This was the primary state of West Africa located between the Senegal and Niger Rivers

Ghana

This became increasingly important as a result of increased trans-Saharan trade due to gold acquired from the south

Ghana

Islam spread to this city due to trade routes

Mali

This important empire found trade to be more beneficial as they controlled and taxed almost all trade through West Africa

Mali

Timbuktu, Gao, Jenne were the most important cities to this kingdom

Niani

This was the capital of the Mali kingdom

Mansa Musa

He made a pilgrimage to Mecca showering his hosts with jewels and gold along the way.

Mansa Musa

This king was responsible for building a capital at Timbuktu

Mansa Musa

He built mosques to honor Islam and sent subjects to study under Muslim scholars and established religious schools with Arabian and North African teachers.

Ibn Battuta

This government adviser was a Muslim traveler promoting Islam but was displeased at the syncretic nature of Islam

Bantus

In this era they migrated to the eastern coast of Africa developing the Swahili society.

Animism

Traditional African religious belief that lesser gods and spirits were associated with forces of nature

Trans Saharan Trade

The introduction of the camel sped up communication and transportation along this.

Trans Saharan Trade

Gold, slaves, and ivory from the south were exchanged for cloth, horses, salt and wares from the north using this.

Toltecs

They migrated to central Mexico settling in Tula

Toltecs

Problems between different ethnic group sand emerging nomadic tribes from Northwestern Mexico destroyed them

Aztecs

They migrated to central Mexico and established an empire based on military conquest seizing women and land from neighbors

Aztecs

They settled on an island in the middle of Lake Texcoco the site of modern day Mexico

Cortes

Partly responsible for the destruction of the Aztecs by leaving his deputy Alvarado behind after leaving to fight his captors from Cuba.

Massacre in the Great Temple

Scene of the destruction of the Aztecs at the hands of Cortes deputy that was sparked at the celebration of the Smoking Mirror God

Montezuma

He was the primary architect of the Aztec empire along with his brother Tlcaelel

Tenochtitlan

This was the capital city of the Aztecs

Chinampas

Farming system involving mud from the lake floor formed into small plots of land that floated in the lake

Cannibal Kingdom

The Aztecs were known as this for their widespread practice of human sacrifice

Aztecs Texcoco Tlacopan

They made up the triple alliance where the Aztecs left local governments in place as long as they paid

The Smoking Mirror

This god was the giver and taker of life in the Aztec religion

Feathered Serpent

This god supported arts, crafts, and agriculture in the Aztec religion

Sacrifice

This was done to appease the Aztec war god in which a temple was built in the center of Tenochtitlan

Incas

This empire was established through military conquest in Peru where they settled around Lake Titicaca

Quipu

Goverment used this as a way to keep records

Cuzco

Capital of the Incas

Pizarro

Conquered the Incas putting to death Atahualpa, the last Sapa Inca

Machu Pichu

The Incas built this monumental citadel just northwest of Cuzco

Sapa Inca

Known as the king he is considered to be the son of the sun in the Incan civilization

Inti

This is the Incan sun god

Eric the Red

He established a colony in Greenland

Lief Ericsson

He established a colony in Newfoundland, Canada for Scandanavia and called it Vinland

Vikings

They looked to colonize elsewhere once regional states in Europe emerged

Crusades

These were five holy wars declared by Pope Urban II against the Muslims to recapture Jerusalem and Palestine

Crusades

This is a holy war where warriors would take up the cross and fight on behalf of their faith

Cultural Diffusion

As a result of the Crusades this occurred reintroducing the Greco-Roman culture that was preserved under the Byzantine Empire

High Middle Ages

The Crusades led to this as demand rose for new goods, increased trade, and people moving from manors to towns and cities.

Byzantine Empire

This was weakened as a result of the Crusades along with papal power and the church

Crusades

This led to a dramatic improvement in European technology

Bubonic Plague

Also known as the Black Death this spread from China to Europe through fleas on rats which was spread through the silk road and Mongol campaigns

Bubonic Plague

This did not spread to Scandinavia due to cold winters

Bubonic Plague

As a result of this the population recovered through regeneration after 100 years when 1/3 of European population was wiped out and disrupted trade.

Feudalism

This is the political and social order of medieval Europe that was based on a hierarchy of lords and vassals who controlled political and military affairs

Feudalism

Its decline was noted following the Crusades

Feudalism

This was established by European nobles in an attempt to protect their lands and maintain order during a time of weak central power and frequent invasions

Feudalism

This permitted local lords to administer local affairs, collect taxes, mobilize armed forces, and settle legal disputes

Regional Monarchy

After the fall of Rome, a strong central power emerged in western Europe. These developed as a result in France and England

Hugh Capet

He succeeded the Carolingians in France with his descendants consolidating and expanding thier feudal monarchy.

Norman Dukes

In England this feudal monarchy built a tightly knit state in which all power disseminated from them

Papacy

This feudal monarchy spread in Italian City States

Feudal Monarchy

These maintained order, provided stable government and provided the impetus for ocean going exploration

Fiefs

This was known as "land" that was given in exchange for protection and lords lived off the surplus crops of their vassals

Manorialism

This was the main economic system of Europe in the Middle Ages where land granted by the king to lords and knights in exchange for military service.

Manorialism

In this economic system in Europe, serfs were tied to the land producing most of the goods.

Manors

These were self-sufficient communities with vast farm land, markets and usually a small monastery

Manors

This utilized a three-field system to rotate crops and preserve nutrients

Guilds

These arose to limit workers so that wages remained high

Eastern Orthodox Church

This broke away from the authority of Rome and established itself as a major factor in Greece and Russia

Russia

The center of Orthodox Christianity shifts from Constantinople to here and becomes the Eastern Orthodox Church

State Building

Two essential components to this include taxes and a standing army

Western Europe

New strong nations with centralized authority emerged here following the feudal period

State Building

This process began in Italy as a result of papal influence and large flow of post-Crusades capital from trades

Ferdinand of Aragon

He married Isabella of Castile to unite the independent Iberian regions bringing Spains state building to its peak

Hansa League

This was a trade network developed in the Baltic linking the Mediterranean through the Rhine and Danube rivers

Hansa League

The frequency of trade in this network lead to the establishment of credit and banking increasing the scale of trade and made social mobility possible in northern Europe

Eleanor of Aquitaine

This figure encouraged good manners, refinement and romantic love

Thomas Aquinas

This figure suggested that God's existence did not depend on faith but could be rationally proven

Pope

This was established and became the single most important figure providing the church a sense of direction

Enclave

Vatican City is known as this

Pope Gregory I

He protected Rome and the church by mobilizing forces for the purpose of defense and reasserted papal supremacy increasing the role and importance of the church in peoples lives

Christianity

Spread by Charlamagne, Franks, and Italy this was the accepted religion of most of western Europe

Bushido

In Japan this is known as the code of conduct

Daimyo

They were local leaders in Japan

Aristocratic Women

In the Japanese household they managed their affairs

Emperor

In Japan this was the ruler, however this was just a figure head

Shogun

Control of Japan rested with this title

Mahmud Ghazni

Turkish leader in Afghanistan who destroyed hundreds of Hindu and Buddhist sites resulting in Buddhism's decline

Sultans

They ruled Punjab, India to the Ganges Valley

Muslim Forces

These reached India in the mid 7th century through merchants spreading easily through connections established prior to Muhammad

Migrations

Islam took a hold of India through this from invasions of Turkish-speaking people from central Asia

Sui Dynasty

This emerged after centuries of turmoil following the Han Dynasty restoring peace and order

Sui Dynasty

Most elaborate project was the Grand Canal completed under this dynasty.

Grand Canal

This is a series of artificial waterways connecting Hangzhou to Chang'an that greatly benefited the people of China

Sui Yangdi

He was assassinated ending the Sui Dynasty as rebellions broke out in northern China

Tang Dynasty

They restored peace and stability after the fall of the Sui Dynasty

Tang Taizong

He saw himself as a Confucian ruler building its capital at Chang'an

Tang Dynasty

Established civil service examinations where government jobs were awarded based on merit

Tang Dynasty

Military conquests included Manchuria, Tibet, Korea and north Vietnam

Song Dynasty

This followed the Tang Dynasty but encountered great financial and military problems with too big a bureacracy and military failures.

Song Taizu

The first emperor of the Song Dynasty who started a policy of distrust of military leaders

Neo-Confucianism

This was developed in response to the growing popularity of Buddhism

Neo-Confucianism

This was dveloped y scolars of the SOng Dynasty that combined thier beliefs with Buddhism

Zhu-Xi

He wrote a detailed set of instructions for weddings, funerals, and other family ceremonies stressing personal behavior for social harmony

Family Ritual

Written by Zhu-Xi it was instructions for weddings, funerals, and other family ceremonies stressing personal behavior for social harmony

Ming Dynasty

Meaning brilliant this followed the Yuan Dynasty