PSYCH Ch 10 Human Development

What is development?

the sequence of age related changes that occur as a person progresses from conception to death

What is conception?

the meeting of a sperm & egg to create a zygote

What is a zygote?

a single-celled organism

What is prenatal development?

Period of rapid development from conception to birth (~9 months)

What are the 3 stages (in order) of prenatal development?

1. Germinal stage

2. Embryonic stage

3. Fetal stage

When is the germinal stage?

First 2 weeks after conception

What happens to the zygote in the germinal stage?

it becomes a mass of cells that implants in the uterine wall

What important structure begins to form in the germinal stage?

placenta

What is the placenta and its function?

Structure that allows oxygen & nutrients to pass into the fetus from the mother‘s bloodstream and bodily waste to pass out to the mother

When is the embryonic stage?

From 2 weeks to the end of the 2nd month

What begins to form during the embryonic stage?

Most vital organs and bodily systems (heart, spine, brain)

Why is the embryonic stage a period of vulnerability?

higher risk of miscarriage or birth defects

What is the developing organism known as during the embryonic stage?

Embryo

When is the fetal stage?

From 2 months through birth

What happens to the body during fetal stage?

Rapid bodily growth & gradual start to organ functioning

What developments occur during the fetal stage?

Formation of bones & muscles

Formation of the digestive & respiratory systems

Capable of physical movement

What is the developing organism known as in the fetal stage?

Fetus

What is the name of the important age marker that occurs during the fetal stage?

Age/Threshold of Viability

What is the age/threshold of viability?

Age at which a baby can survive a premature birth

What weeks are considered the age/threshold of viability?

Week 23-25

What is the probability of survival at 23 and 25 weeks?

23 weeks = 24%

25 weeks = 72%

What symptoms/signs do premature infants often exhibit?

Neurodevelopmental impairments & experience sensory deficits

At what stage does the growing organisms begin to look human?

embryonic stage

What are teratogens?

anything you're exposed to or ingest during pregnancy that’s known to cause fetal abnormalities

When are teratogens most impactive?

during the germinal and embryonic stages

Examples of teratogens

poor nutrition, alcohol, drugs, radiation, illnesses

What is motor development?

the progression of muscular coordination required for physical activities

Examples of basic motor skills

grasping/reaching for objects, sitting up, crawling, walking, manipulating objects, & running

What is motor development partly dependent on?

physical growth, which is rapid & uneven during infancy as there are often sudden bursts of growth

Early progress in motor skills is attributed to

maturation

What is maturation?

development that reflects the gradual unfolding of one’s genetic blueprint

What are developmental norms?

indicate the typical (median) age at which individuals display various behaviors & abilities

True or False: Variations from the average age for development norms are normal.

true

Aspects of Emotional Development

attachment & separation anxiety

What is attachment?

the close emotional bonds of affection that develop b/w infants & their caregivers

Who does the first important attachment typically occur with?

the mother

What is separation anxiety?

emotional distress seen in many infants when they are separated from people w/whom they have formed an attachment

When does separation anxiety peak?

around 14-18 months & then it begins to decline

Who are the theorists who studied emotional development?

Harry Harlow, John Bowlby, Mary Ainsworth

What did Harlow reveal in his research?

in his studies of infant monkeys, he discovered that reinforcement is noy the key to attachment

Who is the theorist that studied personality development?

Erik Erikson

How did Erikson revise Freud’s theory?

expanded the impact & development of personality from birth to death

What does Erikson’s stage theory propose?

individuals evolve through 8 stages over the life span, w/each marked by a specific psychosocial crisis

What did Erikson name the stages in his stage theory?

psychosocial stages

Age range associated with Erikson’s stage theory

Stage 1 → first year of life

Stage 2 → 2-3

Stage 3 → 4-6

Stage 4 → 6-puberty

Stage 5 → adolescence

Stage 6 → early adulthood

Stage 7 → middle adulthood

Stage 8 → late adulthood

What happens in stage 1 of Erikson’s stage theory?

develop trust if basic biological needs are met

develop mistrust if basic biological needs are poorly taken care of

What happens in stage 2 of Erikson’s stage theory?

learning of autonomy vs shame & doubt - am I self-sufficient or do I rely on others

What happens in stage 3 of Erikson’s stage theory?

initiative vs guilt - am I good or bad

What happens in stage 4 of Erikson’s stage theory?

industry vs inferiority - competent or worthless

What happens in stage 5 of Erikson’s stage theory?

Identity vs Confusion → discovering who I am and where I’m going

What happens in stage 6 of Erikson’s stage theory?

intimacy vs isolation - should I share my life w/others or live my life alone

What happens in stage 7 of Erikson’s stage theory?

generativity vs self-absorption - will I produce something of real value

What happens in stage 8 of Erikson’s stage theory?

integrity vs despair - have I lived a full life

What is cognitive development?

refers to transitions in children’s patterns of thinking (including reasoning, remembering, & problem solving)

Who was the main theorist of cognitive development?

Jean Piaget

What did Piaget believe altered the way children think?

interaction w/ the environment & maturation

What did Piaget’s stage theory propose?

that children evolve through 4 stages of cognitive development

What are the stages in Piaget’s stage theory?

1. Sensorimotor period (birth-2)

2. Preoperational Period (2-7)

3. Concrete Operational Period (7-11)

4. Formal Operational Period (11+)

Who is the main theorist that studied moral development

Kohlberg

What did Kohlberg’s stage theory focus on?

moral reasoning (sense of right & wrong)

What did Kohlberg’s stage theory propose?

that individuals progress through 3 levels of moral reasoning

What are Kohlberg’s 3 levels of reasoning?

1. Preconventional

2. Conventional

3. Postconventional

What does the preconventional level focus on?

focuses on external authority and acts’ consequences (punishment/reinforcement)

What does the conventional level focus on?

focuses on maintaining social order & internalizing rules to be virtuous and win approval from others

What does the postconventional level focus on?

focuses on working out a personal code of ethics

What happens to thinking in the postconventional level?

moral thinking becomes more flexible and less rigid