Studied by 2 people
Looks like no one added any tags here yet for you.
Robert Kegan speaks of a "holding environment" in counseling in which
a. the client is urged to relive a traumatic experience in an encounter group
b. biofeedback training is highly recommended
c. the client can make meaning in the face of a crisis and can find new direction
d. the activity of meaning making is discouraged
c. the client can make meaning in the face of a crisis and can find new direction
A tall skinny pitcher of water is emptied into a small squatty pitcher. A child indicated that she feels the small pitcher has less water. The child has not yet mastered
1. Symbolic schema
2. conservation
3. androgynous psychosocial issues
4. trust versus mistrust
B. Conservation
According to Jean Piaget, a child masters the concept of reversibility in the third stage, known as concrete operations or concrete operational thought. This notion suggests..
1. That heavier objects are more difficult for a child to lift
2. The child is ambidextrous
3. The child is more cognizant of mass than weight
4. One can undo an action, hence an object (Say a glass of water) can return to its initial shape
D.
During a thunderstorm, a 6 year old child in Piaget's stage of preoperational thought (stage 2) says, "The rain is following me." This is an example of
1. egocentrism
2. conservation
3. centration
4. abstract thought
A. Egocentrism
In Harry Harlow's experiments with baby monkeys
1. A wire surrogate mother was favored by most young monkeys over a terry cloth version
2. the baby monkey was more likely to cling to a terry cloth surrogate mother than a wire surrogate mother
3. female monkeys had a tendency to drink large quantities of alcohol
4. male monkeys had a tendency to drink large quantities of alcohol
B
In adolescence
1. females commit suicide more than males
2. suicide is a concern but statistically very rare
3. the teens who talk about suicide are not serious
4. males commit suicide more often than females, but females attempt suicide more often
D
In the general US population
1. the suicide rate is 2/100,000
2. suicide occurs at the beginning of a depressive episode, but rarely after the depression lifts
3. suicide rates tend to increase with age
4. suicide occurs at the beginning of a depressive episode, but rarely after the depression lifts, and suicide rates tend to increase with age
C
Stage theorists assume
1.qualitative changes between stages occur
2.differences surely exist but usually cant be measured
3. that humanistic psychology is the only model which truly supports the stage viewpoint
4.b and c
A.
Freud's Oedipus complex
1. is the stage in which fantasies of sexual relations with the opposite sex parent occur
2. occurs during the phallic stage
3. A and B
4. is the concept of Freud ultimately eliminated from his theory
C
A theorist who views developmental changes as quantitative is said to be an empiricist. The antithesis of this position holds that developmental strides are qualitative. What is the name given to this position?
1. Behaviorism
2. Organicism
3. Statistical developmentalism
4. All of the above
B. Organicism
John Bowlby has asserted that
1. attachment is not instinctual
2. attachment is best explained via the Skinnerian principle
3. a and b
4. conduct disorders and other forms of psychopathology can result from inadequate attachment and bonding in early childhood
D
A child who focuses exclusively on a clowns red nose but ignores the clowns other features would be illustrating the Piagetian concept of
1. egocentrism
2. centration
3. formal abstract reasoning
4. deductive processes
B. Centration
Piaget felt
a. homework depresses the elementary child's IQ.
b. strongly that the implementation of Glasser's concepts in Schools Without Failure should be made mandatory in all elementary settings.
c. that teachers should lecture a minimum of four hours daily.
d. teachers should lecture less, as children in concrete operations learn best via their own actions and experimentation.
D
America has been called the most diverse country on the face of our planet. Counseling a client from a different social and/or cultural background is known as
1. cross cultural counseling
2. multicultural counseling
3. intercultural counseling
4. all of the above
D.
Culture refers to
1. customs shared by a group which distinguish it from other groups
2. values shared by a group that are learned from others in the group
3. attitudes, beliefs, art, and language which characterize members of a group often passed from generation to generation
4. all of the above
D. All of the above
Our culture is more diverse than in the past. Multicultural counselors often work with persons who are culturally different. This means the client
1. Is culturally biased
2. suffers from the diagnosis of cultural relativity
3. belongs to a different culture from the helper
4. presents problems which deal only with culturally charged issues
C. belongs to a different culture from the helper.
In order to diagnose clients from a different culture
1. the counselor ideally will need some information regarding the specifics of the culture
2. the counselor will find the DSM useless
3. the counselor should rely heavily on cultural epoch theory
4. NBCC ethics prohibit the use of DSM diagnosis
A. the counselor ideally will need some information regarding the specifics of the culture
Sigmund Freud and Erik Erikson agreed that
1. each developmental stage needed to be resolved before an individual could move on to the next stage
2. developmental stages are primarily psychosexual
3. developmental stages are primarily psychosocial
4. A person can proceed to a higher stage even if a lower stage is unsolved
A. each developmental stage needed to be resolved before an individual could move on to the next stage
A preschool child's concept of causality is said to be animalistic. This means the child attributes human characteristics to inanimate objects. Thus, the child may fantasize that an automobile or a rock is talking to him. This concept is best related to
1. Jung's concepts of anima, animus
2. Freud's wish fulfillment
3. Piaget's preoperational period, ages 2-7 years
4. ego identity
C. Piaget's preoperational period, ages 2-7 years
Research related to elementary school counselors indicates that
1. counselors of this ilk work hard, but just don't seem to have an impact on youngsters lives
2. these counselors are effective, do make a difference in children's lives, and more counselors should be employed.
3. counselors of this ilk could be helpful if they would engage in more consultation work.
4. these counselors should be used primarily as disciplinarians, but this is not happening in most districts
B. these counselors are effective, do make a difference in children's lives, and more counselors should be employed
According to the Yale research by Daniel J, Levinson
1. Erikson's generativity vs stagnation stage simply doesn't exist
2. 80% of the men in the study experienced moderate to severe midlife crises
3.an "age 30 crisis" occurs in men when they feel it will soon be to late to make later changes
4. b and c
D.
A person who can look back on his or her life with few regrets feels
1. the burden of senile psychosis
2. ego-integrity versus despair stage
3. despair, which is the sense that he or she has wasted life's precious opportunities
4. the burden of generalized anxiety disorder as described in the DSM.
B. ego-integrity versus despair stage
The most valuable type of research is
a. always conducted using a factor analysis
b. conducted using the chi-square
c. the experiment, used to discover cause-and-effect relationships
d. the quasi-experiment
C
Experiments emphasize parsimony, which means
a. interpreting results in the simplest way
b. interpreting the results in the most complex manner
c. interpreting the results using a correlation coefficient
d. interpreting the results using a clinical interview
A
Occam's Razor suggests that experimenters
a. interpret the results in the simplest manner
b. interpret the results in the most complex manner
c. interpret the results using a correlation coefficient
d. interpret the results using a clinical interview
A
A counselor educator is running an experiment to test a new form of counseling. Unbeknownst to the experimenter one of the clients in the study is secretly seeing a Gestalt therapist. This experiment
a. is parsimonious
b. an example of Occam's Razor
c. is confounded/flawed
d. is valid and will most likely help the field of counseling
C
Nondirective is to person-centered as
a. psychological testing is to counseling
b. confounding is to experimenting
c. appraisal is to research
d. parsimony is to Occam's Razor
D
An experiment is said to be confounded when
a. undesirable variables are not kept out of the experiment
b. undesirable variables are kept out of the experiment
c. basic research is used in place of applied research
d. the sample is random
A
In experimental terminology IV stands for ____ and DV stands for ___________
a. independent variable; dependent variable
b. dependent variable; independent variable
c. individual variable; dependent variable
d. independent variable; designer variable
A
A professor of counselor education hypothesized that biofeedback training could reduce anxiety and improve the average score on written board exams. If this professor decides to conduct a formal experiment the IV will be the _____, and the DV will be the ______
a. professor; anxiety level
b. anxiety level; board exam score
c. biofeedback; board exam score
d. board exam score; biofeedback
C
Experimenters should always abide by a code of ethics. The variable you manipulate/control in an experiment is the
a. DV
b. Dependent variable
c. the variable you will measure to determine the outcome
d. IV or independent variable
D
In order for the professor of counselor education to conduct an experiment regarding his hypothesis (biofeedback training could reduce anxiety and improve the average score on written board exams) he will need a(n) ________ and a(n) ____________
a. biofeedback group; systematic desensitization group
b. control group; systematic desensitization group
c. control group; experimental group
d. control group with 60 subjects, experimental group with 60 subjects
C
In order for the professor of counselor education to conduct the experiment (biofeedback training could reduce anxiety and improve the average score on written board exams) the experimental group would need to receive
a. the manipulated IV
b. the biofeedback training
c. a and b
d. the organismic IV
C
Hypothesis testing is most closely related to the work of
a. Robert Hoppock
b. Sigmund Freud
c. Lloyd Morgan
d. R.A. Fisher
D
The null hypothesis suggests that there will not be a significant difference between the experimental group that received the IV and the control group that did not. Consider the ((biofeedback training could reduce anxiety and improve the average score on written board exams), what would the null hypothesis suggest?
a. all students receiving biofeedback training would score equally well on the board exam
b. systematic desensitization might work better than biofeedback
c. biofeedback will not improve the board exam scores
d. meta-analysis is required
C
The hunch is known as the experimental or alternative hypothesis. The experimental hypothesis suggests that a difference will be evident between the control group and the experimental group. If this were conducted, (biofeedback training could reduce anxiety and improve the average score on written board exams) what would the experimental hypothesis suggest?
a. the biofeedback would raise board scores
b. the control group will score better on the board exam
c. there will be no difference between the experimental and the control group
d. the experiment has been confounded
A
From a purely statistics standpoint, in order to compare a control group to the experimental group, the researcher will need a _______
a. a correlation coefficient
b. only descriptive stats
c. percentile rank
d. a test of significance
D
When you see the letter P in relation to a test of significance it means
a. portion
b. population parameter
c. probability
d. the researcher is using an ethnographic qualitative approach
C
In the social sciences, the accepted probability level is usually
a. .05 or less
b. 1.0 or higher
c. .0001 or less
d. .05 or higher
A (most popular are .05 and .01)
P = .05 really means that
a. five subjects were not included in the study.
b. there is only a 5% chance that the difference between the control group and the experimental groups is due to chance factors.
c. the level of significance is .01.
d. no level of significance has been set.
B
P = .05 really means that
a. differences truly exist; the experimenter will obtain the
same results 95 out of 100 times.
b. differences truly exist; the experimenter will obtain the
same results 99 out of 100 times.
c. there is a 95% error factor.
d. there is a 10% error factor.
A
A study that would best rule out chance factors would have a significance level of P = ____
a. .05
b. .01
c. .001
d. .08
C
Type I and Type II errors are called ____ and ____ respectively
a. beta; alpha
b. .01; .05
c. a and b
d. alpha; beta
D
A Type I error occurs when
a. you have a beta error
b. you accept null when it is false
c. you reject null when it is true
d. you fail to use a test of significance
C
A Type II error
a. is also called a beta error
b. means you reject null when it is applicable
c. means you accept null when it is false
d. a and c
D
If ((biofeedback training could reduce anxiety and improve the average score on written board exams) was conducted, and the results indicate that the biofeedback helped raise written board exam scores but in reality this is not the case. The researcher has made a
a. type I error
b. type II error
c. beta error
d. b and c
A
A counselor decides to increase the sample size in the experiment. This will
a. confound the experiment in nearly every case
b. raise the probability of type I and II errors
c. have virtually no impact on type I and II errors
d. reduce type I and II errors
D
If a researcher changes the significance level from .05 to .001, then
a. alpha and beta errors will increase
b. alpha errors increase but beta errors decrease
c. alpha errors decrease; beta errors increase
d. this will have no impact on type I and II errors
C
A counselor believes that clients who receive assertiveness training will ask more questions in counseling classes. An experimental group receives assertiveness training while a control group does not. In order to test for significant differences between the groups the counselor should utilize
a. the student's t test
b. a correlation coefficient
c. a survey
d. an analysis of variance (ANOVA)
A
One group receives no assertiveness training, a second group receives four assertiveness training sessions, and a third receives six sessions. That statistic of choice would be the:
a. mean
b. t test
c. two-way ANOVA
d. ANOVA
D
If a researcher utilized two IVs then the statistic of choice would be the
a. median
b. t test
c. two-way ANOVA or MANOVA
d. ANOVA
C (two IV's require a two-way, three IVs require a three-way, etc.)
To complete a t test you would consult a tabled value of t. In order to see if significant differences exist in an ANOVA you would consult
a. the mode
b. a table for t values
c. a table for F values
d. the chi-square
C
Which level of significance would be best to rule out chance factors?
a. .05
b. .01
c. .2
d. .001
D
When a researcher uses correlation, then there is no direct manipulation of the IV. A researcher might ask how IQ correlates with the incidence of panic disorder. Nothing is manipulated; just measured. In cases like this, a correlation coefficient will reveal
a. the relationship between IQ and panic disorder
b. the probability that a significant difference exists
c. an F test
d. percentile rank
A
If data indicate that students who study a lot get very high scores on state counselor licensing exams, then the correlation between study time and LPC exam scores would be
a. positive
b. negative
c. .00
d. impossible to ascertain
A
Which of the following would most likely yield a perfect correlation of 1.00?
a. IQ and salary
b. ICD diagnosis and salary
c. length in inches and length in centimeters
d. height and weight
C
A good guess would be that if you would correlate the length of CACREP graduates' baby toes with their NCE scores the result would
a. close to 0.00
b. close to a perfect 1.00
c. close to a perfect negative correlation of -1.00
d. be about +.70
A
Dr. X discovered that the correlation between therapists who hold NCC status and therapists who practice systematic desensitization is .90. A student who perused Dr. X's research told his fellow students that Dr. X had discovered that attaining NCC status causes therapists to become behaviorally oriented. The student is incorrect because
a. systematic desensitization is clearly not a behavioral strategy
b. this can only be determined via histogram
c. the study suffers from longitudinal and maturation effects
d. correlation does not imply causation
D
Behaviorists often utilize N=1, which is called intensive experimental design. The first step in this approach would be to
a. consult a random number table
b. decide on a nonparametric statistical test
c. take a baseline measure
d. compute the range
C
In a new study, the clients do not know whether they are receiving an experimental treatment for depression or whether they are simply part of the control group. This is, nevertheless, known to the researcher. Thus, this is a
a. double-blind study
b. single-blind study
c. baseline for an intensive N = 1 design
d. participant-observer model
B
A large study at a major university gave an experimental group of clients a new type of therapy that was intended to ameliorate test anxiety. The control group did not receive the new therapy. Neither the clients nor the researchers knew which students received the new treatment. This was a
a. double-blind study
b. single-blind study
c. typical AB design
d. case of correlational research
A
Experimental is to cause and effect as correlational is to
a. blind study
b. double-blind study
c. N = 1 design
d. degree of relationship
D
In a normal curve the mean, the median, and the mode all fall precisely in the middle of the curve. From a graphical standpoint the so-called normal or Gaussian curve (named after the astronomer/mathematician K. F. Gauss) looks like
a. a symmetrical bell
b. the top half of a bowling ball
c. the top half of a hot dog
d. a mountain which is leaning toward the left
A
The most common measures of central tendency are the mean, median, and mode. the mode is
a. the most frequently occurring score and the least-important measure of central tendency
b. always 10% less than the mean
c. the arithmetic average
d. the middle score in the distribution of scores
A
a bimodal distribution has two modes. Graphically, this looks like
a. a symmetrical bell-shaped curve
b. a camel's back with two humps
c. the top half of a bowling ball
d. a mountain which is leaning towards the left
B
In a basic curve or so-called frequency polygon the point of maximum concentration is the
a. mean
b. median
c. mode
d. range
C
The most useful measure of central tendency is the
a. mean
b. median
c. mode
d. point of maximum concentration
A, usually abbreviated by an X with a bar over it
In a career counseling session an electrical engineer mentions three jobs he has held. First paid $10/hour, second paid $30/hour, and third paid $50/hour. The counselor indicates the client is averaging $30/hour, they are using
a. A Pearson Product-moment correlation coefficient
b. a factorial design
c. the harmonic mean
d. the mean
D
From a mathematical standpoint, the mean is merely the sum of the scores divided by the number of scores. The mean is misleading when
a. the distribution is skewed
b. the distribution has no extreme scores
c. there are extreme scores
d. a and c
D
When a distribution of scores is not distributed normally statisticians call it
a. Gauss's curve
b. a symmetrical bell-shaped curve
c. a skewed distribution
d. an invalid distribution
C
The median is
a. the middle score when the data are arranged from high to low
b. the arithmetic average
c. the most-frequent value obtained
d. never more useful than the mean
A
In a new experiment, a counselor educator wants to ferret out the effects of more than one IV. She will use a _______ design.
a. Pearson Product-Moment r
b. Spearman rank order rho
c. factorial
d. Solomon four-group
C
Regardless of the shape, the ____ will always be the high point when a distribution is displayed graphically.
a. degree of freedom
b. mean
c. median
d. mode
D
A group of first-semester grad students took an experimental counseling exam that was much more difficult than the NCE. all students scored very low. A distribution of their scores would
a. always be bimodal
b. positively skewed
c. negatively skewed
d. produce a curve with a long tail to the left side
B
Nine of the world's finest counselor educators are given an elementary exam on counseling theory. The distribution of scores would most likely be
a. bell-shaped curve
b. positively skewed
c. negatively skewed
d. indicative that more information would be necessary
C
Billy received an 82 on his college math final. This is Billy's raw score on the test. A raw score simply refers to the number of items correctly answered. A raw score is expressed in the units by which it was originally obtained. The raw score is not altered mathematically. Billy's raw score indicates that
a. he is roughly a B student
b. he answered 82% correctly
c. his percentile rank is 82
d. more information is obviously necessary
D
A distribution with class intervals can be graphically displayed via a bar graph also called a
a. histogram
b. sociogram
c. genogram
d. genus
A
When a horizontal line is drawn under a frequency distribution it is known as
a. mesokurtic
b. the y axis
c. the ordinate
d. the x axis
D
X axis is used to plot the IV scores. it can also be called the ______
a. y axis
b. abscissa
c. DV
d. horizontal axis
B
y axis is used to plot the frequency of DVs. It can also be called the _____
a. ordinate
b. abscissa
c. IV
d. horizontal axis
A
If a distribution is bimodal, then there is a good chance that
a. the curve will be normal
b. the curve will be shaped like a symmetrical bell
c. the researcher is working with two distinct populations
d. the research is useless in the field of counseling
C
If an experiment can be replicated by others with almost identical findings, then the experiment is
a. impacted by the observer effect
b. said to be a naturalistic observation
c. the result of ethological observation
d. said to be reliable
D
The range is a measure of variance and usually is calculated by determining the difference between the highest and the lowest score. Thus, on a test where the top score was a 93 and the lowest score was a 33 out of 100, the range would be
a. 61
b. 77
c. 59
d. more information is necessary
A
Sociogram is to a counseling group as a scattergram is to _____.
a. the normal curve
b. range
c. a correlation coefficient
d. the John Henry effect
C
a counselor educator is teaching two separate classes is individual inventory. In the morning class, they have 53 students and in the afternoon 177. A statistician would expect the range of scores on a test to be
a. greater in the afternoon class than the morning class
b. smaller in the afternoon class
c. impossible to speculate about without more data
d. nearly the same in either class
A
The variance is a measure of dispersion of scores around some measure of central tendency. The variance is the standard deviation squared. A popular IQ test has a standard deviation (SD) of 15. A counselor would expect that if the mean IQ score is 100, then
a. the average score on the test would be 122
b. 95% people who take it will score between 85 and 115
c. 99% people who take it will score between 85 and 115
d. 68% people who take it will score between 85 and 115
D
A popular IQ test has a standard deviation (SD) of 15. A counselor would expect that if the mean IQ score is 100. A person with an IQ score of 122 would fall within
a. + or - 1 SD of mean
b. the average IQ range
c. an IQ score which is more than 2 SD above mean
d. + or - 2 SD of mean
D
The standard deviation is the square root of the variance. A z-score of +1 would be the same as
a. 1 SD above mean
b. 1 SD below mean
c. the same as a so-called t-score
d. the median score if the population is normal
A
Z-scores are the same as standard deviations, thus a z-score of -2.5 means
a. 2.5 SD below the mean
b. 2.5 SD above the mean
c. a CEEB score of 500
d. -.05% of population falls within the area of the curve
A
A t-score is different than a z-score. A t-score has a mean of 50 with every 10 points landing at a SD above or below the mean. Thus a t-score of 60 would equal +1 SD while a t-score of 40 would be
a. -2 SD
b. -1 SD
c. a z-score of +2
d. a z-score of +1
B
An IQ score on an IQ test which has 3 SDs above the mean would be
a. about average
b. slightly below the norm for adults
c. approximately 110
d. very superior
D
A platykurtic distribution would look approximately like
a. the upper half of a bowling ball
b. the normal distribution
c. the upper half of a hot dog, lying on its side over the abscissa
d. a camel's back
C
Test scores on an exam that fell below 3 SD of the mean or above 3 SD of the mean could be described as
a. extreme
b. very typical or within the average range
c. close to the mean
d. very low scores
A
In World War II the Air Force used stanine scores as a measurement. Stanine scores divide the distribution into nine equal intervals with stanine 1 as the lowest ninth and 9 as the highest ninth. In this system 5 is the mean. Thus a Binet IQ score of 101 would fall in stanine
a. 1
b. 9
c. 5
d. 7
C
There are four basic measurement scales: nominal, ordinal, interval, ratio. The nominal scale is strictly a qualitative scale, the simplest type used to distinguish logically separated groups. Which of the following illustrates the function of the nominal scale?
a. a horse categorized as a second-place winner
b. A DSM or ICD diagnostic category
c. An IQ score of 111
d. the weight of an olympic barbell set
B
The ordinal scale rank orders variables, though the relative distance between the elements is not always equal. An example of this would be
a. a horse categorized as a second-place winner
b. An IQ score of 111
c. the weight of an olympic barbell set
d. a temp of 79 degrees F
A
The interval scale has numbers scaled at equal distances but has no absolute zero point. Most tests used in school fall into this category. An example of this would be
a. an IQ of 70 versus an IQ of 140
b. a 20 lb weight versus a 40 lb weight
c. first-place runner is 3x faster than third-place
d. a baseball player wearing #9 hits 9x more than the one wearing #2
A
A ratio scale is an interval scale with a true zero point. Ratio measurements are possible using this scale. Addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division all can be utilized on a ratio scale. In terms of counseling research:
a. the ratio scale is the most practical
b. all true studies utilize the ratio scale
c. a and b
d. most psychological attributes cannot be measured on ratio scale
D
Researchers often utilize naturalistic observation when doing ethological investigations or studying children's behavior. In this approach
a. the researcher manipulates the IV
b. the researcher manipulates the IV and DV
c. the researcher does not manipulate or control variables
d. the researcher will rely on a 2 X 3 factorial design
C
The simplest form of descriptive research is the _______, which requires a questionnaire return rate of ______ to be accurate.
a. survey; 5%
b. survey; 10-25%
c. survey; 50-75%
d. survey; 95%
C
