Science Test. Macromolecules, Cell membrane and Enzymes. First (,) are common names.(read textbook 52-57

Carbohydrates

Simple (sugars), (Uses)made of CHO, stores energy and helps structure. Monomer:Monosaccharides. Polymer:Polysaccharides. Ex glucose,starch bread cellulose

Lipids

(Fats and oils), CHO (sometimes P).(uses)long term energy, insulation, protection and waterproofing. Made of one glycerol + 3 fatty acids. Ex Olive oil, wax, steroids, butter, cholestal, avocado oil.

Proteins

(amino acids), CHON(sometimes S), (uses) builds muscles, skin and hair, speeds up chemical reactions, helps immune system and sends chemical medicine. Monomer: amino acids, Polymer: polypeptide. Ex: Hormones, antibodies, enzymes, HEMOGLOBIN.

Nucleic acids

(Nucleotide), CHONP, (uses) transmits hereditary information and stores instruction for cells, Monomer: sugar, phosphate group, nitrogen base, Polymer Deoxyribose and ribose. Made of a nitrogen base, sugar and a phosphate group. Ex:DNA and RNA

Phospholipid

A lipid that contains phosphorus

Saturated fats

Single bonded, solid at room temp, are usually bad for you(straight bond)

unsaturated fats

Double bonded, liquid at room temp and are good for you.( connected bond)[diagonal}

Hormones

help maintain homeostasis, thirst

Macromolecules

Large molecules; polymers, monomers, carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids

Monosaccharides
Simple sugar 1

simple sugars: glucose, galactose

Disaccharides:
Simple sugar 2

sucrose, lactose

Polysaccharide

Glycogen (animals)
Starch (plants)
Cellulose (plants)

Peptide bond

joins together to become a polypeptide

Polypeptide

Folds polypeptides into the correct shape and become a protein

Hemoglobin

a hemoprotein composed of globin and heme that gives red blood cells their characteristic color

Chemical reactions

(Reactants) cellulose + oxygen. ---------> (reaction)=(products) Carbon dioxide + water vapor

cellulose

what all cell membrane is made of

Catalyst

speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction by lowering the activation energy. It is not changed by the reaction.

Enzyme

A biological catalyst,(Speeds up reactions by lowering the activation energy)

Optimal Temperature

A certain temperature where the reaction rate is the highest.

Optimal pH

A certain pH were the reaction rate is the highest.

denature

When an enzyme passes optimal temperature or pH

Endothermic

When energy is absorbed over the course of the reaction

Exothermic

When energy is released over the course of the reaction

Enzyme substrate complex

Where the enzyme and the substrate combined to either become a substrate and an enzyme or a enzyme and two products.

Activation energy

The energy needed for the reactants to make a reaction

Phospholipid bilayer

2 layers of the cell membrane made of Hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails

Hydrophobic

Fatty and tails(lipid) fear of water

Hydrophilic

phosphate head(likes water)

Selectively permeable membrane(semi permeable)

some molecules can enter or exit but not both

Simple diffusion

a type of passive transport that moving molecules from a high concentration to a low concentration does not use ATP. Way to maintain homeostasis.

Facilitated diffusion

a type of passive transport that moving molecules from a high concentration to a low concentration does not use ATP. Uses protein channels or carrier proteins.

Osmosis

a type of passive transport that moves water from a high concentration to a low concentration. Moves from Hypotonic to Hypertonic. Does not require ATP

Hypertonic

When there are more solutes on one side

Hypotonic

When there are more water molecules on the other side

Isotonic

When the two sides of the membrane have equal solutes

Lyse

To burst

Osmosis Facilitated Diffusion

protein channel that uses aquaporin to move large amounts of water molecules

polar molecules

slightly charged(reject non polar)

non polar molecules

no charge(reject polar)

Active transport

transport of a substance across a cell membrane against the concentration gradient. Low to high concentration that requires ATP.

What does ATP turn into after it is used.

ATP turns into ADP

Endocytosis

takes in larger molecules

Exocytosis

(golgi) push out large molecules

extracellular

outside the cell

Intracellular

inside the cell

Protein membrane function

Channels and pumps
Some attached to cytoskeleton
Some form receptors

Carbohydrate membrane function

Act like identification cards

Phagocytosis

larger molecules

Pinocytosis

smaller substances

DNA

genetic material that organisms inherit from their parents. AGTC

RNA

single stranded genetic code AGUC

Monomer

subunits of polymer

Polymer

many monomers bonded together

Dehydration Synthesis

The process of building monomers to build a polymer by removing water from the reactant side

Hydrolysis

The process of breaking down a macromolecule into monomers

Receptor

receives molecules