MAS 590 exam 1

During the late 1800s, what did little boys wear?

dresses

What color did children historically wear—and why?

white; easy to bleach clean

During the early 1900s, according to the 1918 article mentioned here, what color did boys and girls wear?

Boys =

Girls =

boys = pink; more decided and strong

girls = blue, more dainty, and delicate

Who told people what colors were for boys and girls? (what were the sources for the Time magazine color chart for children?)

Filerie told parents to dress boys in pink so did best&co in NYC

What is the upside to having different colors for boys and girls for manufacturers?

more items that you are able to sell and make money off of

When did today’s boys’ and girls’ color become established?

1940’s

When did gender-neutral colors become popular?

mid 1960/70s’s

What is the reason cited here for the gain in popularity of gender-neutral colors for children?

they have more options and feel freer

Gender-neutral clothing for children was popular until when?

until 1985

What does book author Paoletti say about gender-specific colors for children’s clothing? Does she endorse a gender-based dichotomy for children’s clothing?

* doesn’t like gender binary
* there’s a growing demand for neutral clothing

In the article’s abstract on the first page, what are the two primary axioms of visual communication that the media literate person understands?

the more we know the more we see

what is not seen is as important as what is seen

What is media literacy?

the understanding we have about the ways in which media affect ourselves, our society, and our culture

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What example does the author give that illustrates the power and dominance of visual immediacy? (p. 239)

9/11 attacks

What is literacy?

nature of human education for the past 2,500 years

What is visuality (vs. vision)?

the mechanical process of receiving visible light waves through the retina

social prices of socially constructing the meaning of our perceived visual data

What is literate visuality?

write and talk about our insights and discoveries concerning human visual communication 

What are the four aspects of visual literacy borrowed from Messaris?

1. visual literacy as a prerequisite for the comprehension of visual media
2. general cognitive consequences of visual literacy
3. awareness of visual manipulation
4. aesthetic appreciation

Regarding “the more we know, the more we see,” Natharius tells us that “the more literate we are with ________________, the more literate we are ________________________.”

words

visually

What is intertextuality?

connections we make when we see something and understand that the visual text references an earlier text

How is intertextuality connected to the success of The Simpsons?

the creators make obvious references to previous film and television stories

What are Natharius’s two corollaries to the notion that vision, like our other senses, is subject to the same errors of perception?

1. Because our visual sense is one of our five senses, our perception of visual stimuli is not necessarily any more acute than our other senses
2. Becausehe our visual sense is the sense most often used in our waking lives, we mistakenly believe that our visual perception is the most accurate of our senses.

Why were John Nash’s hallucinations in the movie A Beautiful Mind changed from auditory to visual hallucinations?

he heard voices he did not see imaginary people

Why did the American Psychological Association have a problem with this?

distortion of schizophrenic symptoms

What differentiated USA Today from previous formats of newspapers?

color photographs on the pages

What did McKerrow say regarding the critical rhetorical approach?

absence is as important as presence in understanding and evaluating symbolic action

What two questions should we ask ourselves when we critically look at images in mass media?

What are they not showing us?

What, if anything, have they done to alter or manipulate the images they are showing us?

What does the Heisenberg uncertainty principle remind us?

no knowledge is complete, and to ever assume that we have the ultimate answer is to lead to tragedy

Besides knowing what filters and biases we bring to any observable event, Natharius notes that we need to treat the information we get with skepticism and caution, especially regarding what?

the source

What is the fictitious geographic setting of Parks and Rec?

Pawnee, Indiana

“Middle America”

In Mayeux’s study of Pawnee’s murals, he compared them to New Deal murals, which did what?

New Deal murals hide the ugly while the murals in Pawnee did not

What are some problematic issues depicted in the murals of Pawnee?

A train hits two Native Americans while a group of Chinese railroad workers laugh and look on. A group of suffragettes scolds a group of Irish Whiskey makers

Are the Pawnee murals “serious”?

not serious

How do some of the people in Pawnee consider the murals?

horrifying

What are some of the gendered issues presented in the mural “Sunday Boxing”?

Men punching a woman’s stomach. The reverend punching a widowed mother of 7.

Who was Anna Beth Stevenson?

Mother who was a boxer. First female high school graduate

What “problem” did she have?

she was smart

According to Johnson, what makes a society patriarchal?

male-dominate, male-identified, male-centered

What is a key aspect of patriarchy?

hegemony

Who was Antonio Gramsci?

Italian philosopher, early 20th century, hated hegemony

What question was Gramsci trying to answer?

wanted people to question why things were

What two levels of control did Gramsci identify?

1. civil society
2. the state

How does patriarchy relate to the two levels of control?

patriarchy means “rule of fathers”, the fathers rule at both levels

What is the literal definition of patriarchy?

rule of fathers

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What are some laws still on the books in Pawnee, as shown in “The Trial of Leslie Knope”?

* all sex positions other than missionary, then two years later they banned missionary
* black people can’t legally use sidewalks
* any woman caught laughing is a witch

What level of power do these laws reflect?

these laws directly oppressed women in practically all aspects of life

What crime did Sarah Nelson Quindle commit?

exposed her elbows outdoors, class A felony

What was Quindle’s punishment?

was sent floating on a piece of ice in the lake, possibly suffering hypothermia and perhaps death

Who was Dorothy Everton Smythe?

made history by “wearing pants on Sunday”, a trailblazing feminist

What crime did Smythe commit?

wore pants on Sunday

What was Smythe’s punishment?

sentenced to four years in jail

What laws were on the books in Pawnee that reflected that society’s overall view of women?

Women can’t …..

* vote
* read in public
* wear gloves before noon
* mention the name of the president
* talk about the news
* challenge facts preferred by men
* not being pregnant

When Leslie Knope ran for city council, a new law was revealed. What was it?

cant reserve a conference room without her husband or father’s signature. close-call election

Pawnee’s laws are totally silly. There’s no way such silly laws are real, right? What are some real-life laws mentioned here?

in Michigan as of 2014, if a woman wanted to change her hairstyle, she had to get her husband’s permission. Cleveland, women can’t wear patent leather shoes. Wisconsin, women are not allowed to wear red in public

What is the wording of the Equal Rights Amendment?

“Equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on the account of sex.”

How does Clarence Clarrington, a former parks and rec manager, treat Leslie in “Summer Catalog”?

like a child, naive

How was Paula Hork treated by the male city council members back in the day?

they acted like school boys, boys treated her poorly and like an object

Is hegemony all-powerful, all-encompassing, and unchangeable?

NO

What rationalization is given by Leslie for keeping Article Two?

tradition

When Leslie sets out to update Pawnee’s laws, what anti-woman law comes up?

“All menstruating women must be confined to a bath tub.”

Blundin appears to be a gender egalitarian person by “letting” a woman pay for dinner. Is he really egalitarian?

No

What is the end result of Leslie’s challenge with Blundin?

Blundin wins, the Article two gets taken away

What compromise does Leslie suggest regarding Article Two?

a volunteer can play “Ted” and be dumped into the lake

How many states failed to ratify the ERA? (footnote 5)

3 states

What were the reasons given for keeping U.S. women out of combat? (footnote 6).

“yeast infections”

Tom is literally wearing Ron’s style of masculinity. How does his experiment go?

unsuccessful, no girls talk to him or pay him any attention

What special thing is Leslie planning for the new summer catalog?

reunite all former parks directors at a picnic

What do you notice about the gender composition of the past parks directors?

all men

What trail snack did Leslie pack for Ron?

bacon

What class did Clarence Clarrington teach from the first summer catalog?

Why?

homemaking; women were not allowed to teach back then

Leslie tells Clarence she hopes to become the first female parks director in Pawnee. Clarence says women shouldn’t be in charge of anything because

women need their blood flow to go to their brain not their uterus (another menstruation joke)

What message is being sent in this scene regarding women in leadership roles?

it wasn’t super long ago when women weren’t able to hold leadership roles she

When Clarence pats Leslie on the head, what is he nonverbally “saying”?

she is a naive little girl

What does David do with the empty soda can?

Why is this ironic?

litters;

Old Clarence is concerned about Leslie leading the hike. Why?

menstruation joke, shell attract bears

How do the past parks directors treat each other?

taunting each other, trying to one up one another

When Leslie finally loses her temper, what is Clarence’s explanation for her outburst?

“Your little friend came to visit”

When April’s age is revealed, how do we know Andy is a good guy?

he didn’t want to go to a different bar which shows he’s a good guy

When Leslie and Ron go to dinner, Leslie reveals she expected the past parks directors to treat her how?

respect and honor

Although Ron and Leslie secretly have different viewpoints regarding the future of the parks department, what do they definitely agree on? (the best food is...)

breakfast

Who is on the summer catalog cover?

April and Andy

Leslie and Ron play darts. What is the target?

What message could be read in this?

the past directors; making progression

What happened to Paikea's twin brother?

He died as his mother attempted to give birth; she died as well

For whom is Paikea named?

the ancestral chief

Who is Paikea's grandfather?

What is his status?

What is he searching for?

* Chief of the Maori
* has authority over the village
* the next male heir to take his place as chief

How is Paikea treated by

Her grandfather:

Her grandmother:

Her father:

Her uncle:

grandfather - loved, but distant because she isn’t a boy in line for chief

grandmother - absolutely loves her and believes she will do great things

father - not around often, made a new life/family

uncle - taught her to do chief training, cares about her, wants the best for her

Why can't Paikea be trained as a leader?

she is a girl, it is not traditionally allowed

What does Paikea do ANYWAY?

watch the trainings from afar; asks her uncle to teach her

What does Paikea know about herself—and her abilities?

that she is able to be chief; she has the ability to call the ancestors and they answer to her

At the end of the film, Grandfather FINALLY realizes something about Paikea: What does he say to the unconscious Paikea?

How has Paikea changed his worldview?

she is chief; “Forgive me wise leader, I am but a fledging new to flight.”

that she is able to be leader no matter her gender

Keisha Castle-Hughes was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Actress for this film (the youngest ever). How would you rate her performance?

AMAZING!!!

There is significant symbolism of the last scene in this film:

Where are the people and what are they doing?

Where do Paikea and her grandfather sit?

How does her grandfather treat her now?

* on a boat and everyone is rowing together and in the same direction
* in the middle next to each other
* he is proud of her and believes she can be a leader

What is the theme of this film regarding gender?

breaking gender boundaries

Write a two-sentence promotion blurb for this film:

Imagine not being able to be who you were meant to be just because of the body you were born in. Watch as Paikea breaks gender boundaries.

sex vs. gender

sex:

* based on biology and genetics
* enduring: change requires physical change

gender:

* defined by society
* acquired through interaction
* more easily changed
* learned
* outward signs: clothing, appearance, behavior
* gender is a performance

egalitarianism

the belief in equal rights for everyone

* idea that men and women are equal
* no gender is valued more than the other
* example - shared household chores

masculinity

behaviors, attitudes, and ways of thinking associated with being a man

example - video games, meat, be strong, be a provider

femininity

behaviors, attitudes, and ways of thinking associated with being a woman

example - be attractive, coffee, shopping

cisgender

people whose assigned sex at birth corresponds with their gender now

sex and gender are aligned

transgender

people whose assigned sex at birth does not correspond with their gender now

sex and gender are not aligned

androgyny

possessing characteristics of both men and women

(harry styles wearing a dress)