PROSOCIAL BEHAVIOR SOC PSYCH

HELPING

•refers to actions intended to improve the situation of the help-recipient. It is not considered as ‘prosocial behaviour’ if the act is motivated by professional obligations, or if help-givers or help-recipients are organizations

PROSOCIAL BEHAVIOR

refers to helping that is not motivated by professional obligations and that is not based on an organization (except charities).

ALTRUISM

refers to prosocial behaviour that has the ultimate goal of benefiting another person.

EGOISTIC HELPING

•Wanting something in return for helping

NEGATIVE STATE OF RELIEF

help to reduce your own distress

EMPATHY-ALTRUISM HYPOTHESIS

•Empathy motivates people to reduce other’s distress

•In low empathy, people can reduce their own distress by escaping the situation

COMPETITIVE ALTRUISM

Individuals may behave altruistically for reputation reasons because selective benefits (associated with status) accrue to the generous.

EMPATHY

The ability to put oneself in the shoes of another person and to experience events and emotions

NEGATIVE STATE RELIEF

that human beings have an innate drive to reduce negative moods. They can be reduced by engaging in any mood-elevating behavior, including helping behavior

EMPATHETIC JOY

Helping others is a reward in itself because it brings a person happiness and joy when they commit a helping behavior.

KIN SELECTION THEORY

tendency to help genetic relative to enhance survival of mutually shared genes. Ex. Helping humanity

GENETIC DETERMINISM MODEL

unconscious tendency to help for survival of specie.

DEFENSIVE HELPING

by extending help to an outgroup member whose achievements jeopardize their status

SOCIAL NORMS

Adaptive for individuals to learn social norms from other members of a society (Simon, 1990)

NORM OF RECIPROCITY

The expectation that helping others will increase the likelihood that they will help us in the future.

BYSTANDER EFFECT

tendency of people to become less likely to assist a person in distress where number of other people are also present people less likely to help when they are in the presence of others

PLURALISTIC IGNORANCE

we look to others to see how to act

DIFFUSION OF RESPONSIBILITY

burden of helping is shared with others.

RECIPROCITY

Helping others now ensures that they help us later

If we are not returned with help, we may not help them again

We help non-kin on this concept

SOCIAL EXCHANGE THEORY

People will help when the rewards are high relative to the cost

Rewards: social approval, feeling good about yourself, increasing likelihood of being helped in the future

Cost: physical effort, time, resources, emotional concerns

ROBERT STERNBERG

triangular theory of love developed by psychologist ___

INTIMACY, PASSION AND COMMITMENT

the three components of love are

INTIMACY

encompasses feelings of attachment, closeness, connectedness, and

bondedness.

PASSION

encompasses drives connected to both limerence and sexual attraction.

COMMITMENT

encompasses, in the short term, the decision to remain with another, and in the long term, the shared achievements and plans made with that other person.

SOCIAL PHENOMENA

are events or experiences which ensue within our interaction and relationship with other people.

COMMUNICATION

the process of giving and receiving information between and among people.

LANGUAGE

culturally agreed upon as possessing certain meanings and that are used by people to express certain realities and worldviews.

PSYCHODYNAMIC VIEW ON LOVE

JOHN ALAN LEE (1973)

Canadian psychologist, suggested that there are different types of love.

PRIMARY TYPES

• EROS

• PHILIA

• STORGE

SECONDARY TYPES

• PRAGMA

• AGAPE

• PHILAUTIA

PASSION, INTIMACY, AND COMMITMENT

According to Sternberg (986), love has three interlocking dimensions:

LIKE

Passion only =

EMPTY LOVE

Commitment

ROMANTIC LOVE

Passion + Intimacy =

LUDIC LOVE

passion + commitment =

FRIENDLY LOVE

intimacy + commitment =

CONSUMMATE LOVE

All present =

HATFIELD AND RAPSON

suggests that there are two general types of love: romantic love and companionate

ROMANTIC LOVE

is characterized by intense passion and “a state of intense longing for union with your partner”

COMPANIONATE LOVE

Characterized by intense intimacy and emotional closeness-which is also characteristic of liking.

GARY CHAPMAN

a world-renown author, suggested that pebple have various ways through which we give and receive love. He referred to these unique ways as love languages.

ACQUAINTANCE

Intimate human relationships start in acquaintanceship. Crucial stage is attraction. Attraction can take place in an enabling environment.

BUILDUP

The stage when two persons test their boundaries. They test the waters before engaging fully and so committedly in the relationship

CONSOLIDATION AND CONTINUATION

The stage is when people commits to a long-term relationship with one another, either through a personal agreement.

DECLINE OR DETERIORATION

Unfortunately, some intimate partnerships are unable to sustain and maintain their commitments or attraction.

ENDING

Finally, for those intimate partnerships who are unable to address the causes and circumstances leading to the deterioration of their relationship, the stages culminate into ending or termination of the agreements made

PROXIMITY

is how close/near people live or work and how they interact.