Rad Con: Prelim

SPECIAL PROCEDURE WITH CONTRAST MEDIA

s a radiographic method of demonstrating certain anatomical features which lack natural contrast with the surrounding structures by the instillation of a substance to produce structural contrast.

delineating

describing with precision

CONTRAST MEDIA

Are diagnostic agents that are instilled into body orifice or injected into the vascular system, joints, ducts to enhance subject contrast in anatomic areas where there is low subject contrast.

CONTRAST MEDIA

Is a material that is being ingested or injected into the body for visualization of the organ

diagnostic and therapeutic

CM serves as _______ and _______ aid to physician to visualize certain tissues or organ.

Atomic number of CM

Atomic concentration of element/volume of the medium

The ability of the CM to enhance subject contrast depends on:

white

Higher atomic number of CM; appears _____

black

lower atomic number of CM; appears _____

More

Higher concentration of CM; ____ enhancement

less

lower concentration of CM; ____ enhancement

positive

negative

Types of contrast media:

Barium Sulphate

Iodin

positive contrast media:

radiopaque

appears white

high

positive contrast media has _____ atomic number

positive CM

CM that has higher atomic number; appears white

56

Barium Sulphate has an atomic number of

37.4 keV

Barium Sulphate has a k edge of ____

follow the manufacturer's instructions

Best recommendation for mixing barium preparations in barium enema study it to

53

iodine atomic number:

33.2 keV

Iodine (I) #53 has a K-shell binding energy of?

137

mass number of barium

127

mass number of iodine

low

negative contrast media has ____ atomic number

black

negative contrast media appears ______

radiolucent

appears black

air

carbon dioxide

oxygen

negative contrast media:

air

the most common contrast media in veterinary radiography

pneumocystogram

a record of air of the bladder

pneumogastrogram

air in stomach, hairball or rupture

Carbon dioxide and air

the most frequently used negative contrast media

1. Body absorbs it much faster than the nitrogen in air.

2. It is commercially available in small cartridges

Advantages of carbon dioxide over room air

air embolus

Complications associated with the use of negative contrast agents can result from inadvertent injection of air into the bloodstream, producing an ______

air embolus

A bubble of air in the blood stream.

Gastroluft

EZ gas

Examples of carbon dioxide:

Fritz Munk

BARIUM SULPHATE was 1st introduced by

1896

BARIUM SULPHATE was 1st introduced in year

BACHEM AND GUNTHER

they were credited with the 1st used of barium sulphate

BaSO4

Chemical formula of Barium Sulphate

Barium Sulphate

Mainly used in the imaging of the digestive systems

Barium Enema

Large Bowel Investigation

Barium Swallow

radiographic examination of the esophagus, stomach, and small intestine after oral administration of barium sulfate

Barium Meal

Upper Gastro Intestinal Series

Barium Follow Through

Small Intestinal Series

1 atom of barium, 1 atom of sulphur and 4 atoms of oxygen

BaSO4 composition:

Barium Sulphate

It used exclusively for radiography of the GI tract and it is administered orally or rectally.

Colloidal suspension

it is not completely dissolved in water.

flocculation

tendency to clump and comes out of suspension

Gums of acacia

It is added to barium sulphate preparation to gastrointestinal tract examinations to avoid precipitation

Sodium carbonate

Sodium citrate

Carboxyl-Methyl Cellulose

Dimethypolysiloxone

Stabilizing agents, anti-caking, anti-flocculation such as:

contraindication

Barium Sulphate has a relative _______ in the GIT

Ideal radiographic contrast

Non - absorbable

Non - toxic

Stable suspension

REASON FOR BARIUM SULPHATE AS AN IDEAL CONTRAST MEDIA FOR GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT:

Concentration

The most important variable of BaSO4

100 ml

It is expressed in weight/volume and represents with weight of barium sulphate in grams in _______ ml suspension.

Large size particles barium sulphate

Preferred in double contrast studies; More likely to sediment and undergo caking

methylcellulose

Factors that affect viscosity of BaSO4 are additives such as ________ which serve to reduce friction

THIXOTROPY

Refers to sheer stress with the different rates of strechability

Viscosity

A liquid's resistance to flowing

thick mixture

viscosity for esophageal procedure?

thin mixture

viscocity for single contrast barium enema?

Stabilizing, anti-caking, anti-flocculation, antifoaming

ADDITIVES for BaSO4:

Bloating

Constipation

Cramping

Nausea

Vomiting

Stomach or lower abdominal pain

Tightness in chest

Troubled breathing

Wheezing

SIDE EFFECTS OF BARIUM SULPHATE:

peritonitis

If barium leaks into the peritoneal cavity, ______ may result

perforation and obstruction

Do not use barium sulphate if patient have:

water soluble contrast media

if patient have perforation and obstruction use:

fecal impaction

Barium sulphate is often constipating, it can result to _______

fecal impaction

the prolonged retention and buildup of feces in the rectum

hygroscopic nature

The principal problem complicating the use of barium sulphate is ______

hygroscopic nature

Ability to absorb water.

solidify

cause obstruction

Barium mixed with water tends to:

barium impaction

When barium sulfate within the colon solidifies causing constipation or potential bowel obstruction

increase intake of fluids

To decrease the risk of barium impaction the patient is advice to _________

hot water

RT never uses ________ because it may scald or burn the mucosal lining of the GI tract.

Commercial

Plain BaSO4

TYPES OF BARIUM SULPHATE:

Flavouring and additives

Barodense

Barosperse

Barytgen

Commercial BaSO4:

has an Unpalatable taste; Good for bowel mucosa

oil

tablets

powder

Liquid

FOUR PHYSICAL STATES OF CONTRAST MEDIA:

Pantopaque

Dionisil oily

OIL:

Pantopaque

oil CM used in Myelogram

Dionisil oily

oil CM used in Bronchogram

tablets

form of CM used for Gall Bladder Studies

Sodium Ipodate

Biloptin

Iopanoic acid

telepaque

iocetamic acid

cholebrine

iodoalphanoic acid

bilisectan

BaSO4

powder CM:

Liquid CM

All ionic and non-ionic CM form of CM

Antihistamine drugs

given to patient if there is any allergic reaction.

urinary tract

the principal route of elimination of most aqueous iodine contrast media

IONIC CONTRAST MEDIA

Contrast agents salts of electrically negatively charged acids containing iodine that ionizes in solution and causes more patient discomfort.

High Osmolar Contrast Media (HOCM)

IONIC CONTRAST MEDIA is aka

Sodium and Meglumine Diatrizoate

urovison

Sodium Diatrizoate

Hypaque

Meglumine Iodamide

Uromiro

Ioxitalamic Acid

Telebrix

Sodium Iothalamate

Conray

Meglumine Diatrizoate

Angiografin

Sodium and Meglumine Diatrizoate

Urografin

NON - IONIC CONTRAST MEDIA

Contrast agents of electrically negatively charged acids containing iodine that does not ionizes in a solution and is safer, less painful and better tolerated by patients

Low Osmolar Contrast Media (LOCM)

NON - IONIC CONTRAST MEDIA is aka

Iopamidol

Isovue