Fundamentals

Type of radiation produced by an incoming electron that decelerates, loses part of it's energy, and continues off in a different direction or *breaks away*

Brems

Where does Brems occur

In the tube

Two types of interactions that occur in the patient

PE, Compton

Type of radiation produced when an inner shell electron is ejected, then electrons *cascade* down to fill the empty spaces. Results in x-ray due to the loss of energy

Characteristic

Another name for an x-ray?

Photon

What is another term for the number of protons found in the nucleus?

Atomic number/Z#

What is another term for the number of protons and neutrons?

Atomic mass/A#/nucleons

How to determine the number of electrons in a stable element

Same as the number of protons

What is the term "position" referring to?

The way the patient is placed or their overall posture

What is the term "radiographic view" referring to

The mirrored image the IR sees

Define ionization

Gain/loss of an electron

Most penetrating radiation on the electromagnetic spectrum

Gamma

What is the least penetrating radiation on the electromagnetic spectrum?

Radio

Center of the x-ray beam

central ray

What is the only portion of the x-ray beam that is perpendicular?

Central ray

How does the rest of the x-ray beam (besides the central ray) come down?

Isotropic

What is the term referring to blurriness at the edge of x-ray images due to the isotropic portion of the beam?

Pnumbra

What is the term referring to the boiling off of electrons at the cathode?

Thermionic emission

What technical factors create a potential difference?

kVp

Four primary exposure factors

Time (the s in mAs)

Distance (SID)

kVp

mA

Four steps required for the production of x-ray

1. Source of electrons

2. Focus electrons

3. Apply kVp to flow electrons

4. Stop electrons

3 rules to radiation protection

1. Time: beam on as short as possible

2. Distance: as far away as possible

3. Shielding: when appropriate in child bearing age (0-55)

Inverse square law formula

I1/I2 = D2^2/D1^2

Define inverse square law

Double the distance = 1/4 exposure

Who creates practice standards?

ASRT (American Society of Radiologic Technologists)

Who created and enforces the code of ethics?

ARRT (American Registry of Radiologic Technologists)

Who accredits hospitals?

JCAHO or joint comission (Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations)

Who accredits rad tech education programs?

JRCERT (Joint Review Committee on Education in Radiologic Technology)

FSRT stands for

Florida Society of Radiologic Technologists

Who discovered x-rays?

Wilhelm Roentgen

When were x-rays discovered?

November 8, 1895

Who appoints board members to the JRCERT, ASRT, and ARRT?

The ACR: American College of Radiography

Where would you wear your radiation badge when wearing a lead apron?

Outside of the apron

What interaction happens in lead that protects the body from radiation?

PE (Photoelectric absorption)

Define fluoroscopy

dynamic imaging

Dose limits - occupational (whole body)

50 mSv (5 rem)/year

Minors: 1 mSv (.1 rem)/year

Dose limits - occupational (hands, feet, other organs)

500 mSv (50 rem)/year

150 mSv (15 rem)/year - lens

Dose limits - occupational embryo fetal

5 mSv (.5 rem)/gestation

.5 mSv (.05 rem)/month

Dose limits - non-occupational

Whole body: 1 mSv (.1 rem)/year

Whole body infrequent: 5 mSv (.5rem)/year

types of radiation monitors

Film badges, OSLD, TLD, ion pen

what monitors do we use in clinicals and what is different about them

OSLD they are not sensitive to heat and water

what chip is in a TLD radiation monitor

lithium flouride

type of chip in an OSLD radiation monitor

Aluminum Oxide

AEC works on the principle of

time

Roentgen is also known as ____ and measures _____

(R)/ kerma

exposure in air

air kerma unit

gya

Gray is also known as ____ and measures _______

rad

absorbed dose in tissue

Sievert is also known as ____ and measures _____

rem

dose equivalent for personnel

1 sievert =

100 Rem

1 mRem =

.001 rem

defin subject contrast

differential absorption of x rays within the body

what does mA control

patient dose

students fall under which bracket for dose limits

non occupational

Formula for how many electrons are in orbit

2n^2

N= number of orbits

ACR

American College of Radiology

What is ACR responsible for?

Appoints members to JCERT and ARRT boards