Malignant Disease of the Ovaries

What is the median age for the diagnosis of malignant ovarian disease?

52 years

What are common clinical signs of malignant ovarian disease?

Vague complaints, pressure/bloating, acute pain due to torsion, increasing abdominal girth, vaginal bleeding.

Which tumor-associated antigen is commonly elevated in ovarian cancer?

CA 125

What percentage of ovarian cancers result in high levels of CA 125?

80%

What is the five-year survival rate for early-stage ovarian cancer?

90%

What is the five-year survival rate for late-stage ovarian cancer?

25%

What are the main treatment methods for malignant ovarian neoplasms?

Surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation.

What are typical sonographic features of malignant ovarian tumors?

Large, complex, multiseptated masses with low resistance Doppler flow.

What are the two main categories of malignant ovarian neoplasms?

Epithelial tumors and germ cell tumors.

What is a common characteristic of serous tumors?

They are bilateral 50% of the time and occur most commonly in peri- and postmenopausal women.

What is the typical age range for women affected by mucinous tumors?

40-70 years

What condition may occur due to the rupture of mucinous tumors?

Pseudomyxoma peritonei

What percentage of endometroid tumors are malignant?

80%

What is a distinguishing feature of clear cell carcinoma?

It is nearly always malignant and accounts for 5% of all malignant ovarian epithelial tumors.

What is the typical sonographic appearance of Brenner's tumor?

Hypoechoic solid mass with possible calcifications.

What is the survival rate for dysgerminoma?

Up to 90% five-year survival rate.

What is the most common germ cell malignancy after dysgerminoma?

Endodermal sinus (yolk sac) tumor.

What is a key characteristic of teratomas?

They can contain fatty, sebaceous material, hair, cartilage, bone, and teeth.

What is the estimated percentage of ovarian tumors that are metastatic?

5-10%

What is a Krukenberg tumor?

A specific type of ovarian cancer that arises from a gastrointestinal primary, usually gastric carcinoma.

What are common routes for tumor spread to the ovary?

Direct invasion, peritoneal fluid, blood vessels, and lymphatics.

What are the sonographic findings of serous cystadenocarcinoma?

Multilocular with multiple papillary projections/septations and possible ascites.

What is the typical size range for mucinous tumors?

15-30 cm in diameter.

What is the prognosis for endometroid tumors compared to serous or mucinous carcinomas?

Endometroid tumors have a better prognosis.

What is a common symptom of Sertoli-Leydig tumors?

Symptoms of masculinization in patients.

What is the typical age for patients with Sertoli-Leydig tumors?

Typically under age 30.

What is the common sonographic appearance of dysgerminoma?

Multilobulated solid mass.

What is the significance of AFP levels in endodermal sinus tumors?

Patients have increased levels of serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP).