OCHEM FINAL DAYS BELIEVE

Progesterone

Testosterone

Estradiol

Cortisol

Cholic Acid (Bile)

Ceragenin (antimicrobial + Paul Savage)

Purines (5+6)

Nucleobases: Adenine, Guanine

Adenine (A)

Guanine (A)

Pyrmidine (6)

Uracil (RNA), Thymine (DNA), Cytosine

Uracil (U: RNA)

Thymine (T: DNA)

Cytosine (C)

2 H-Bonds

3 H-Bonds

Nucleobases

A G: Purines; U T C: Pyrimidines

Nucleosides

Base + Sugar (No Phosphate)

Without

“Sin”, “Sem”

Adenosine -5’- monophosphate (AMP)

Phosphoanhydride (level 1) - ADP

Phosphoanhydride (Level 1)- ATP

Glycerol

Dihydroxyacetone phosphate, –1 ATP, 1 NADH

dihydroxyacetone phosphate glycolysis>

pyruvate, 2 ATP, 1 NADH

pyruvate pyruvate dehydrogenase complex>

acetyl CoA, 1 NADH, 1 CO2

acetyl CoA citric acid cycle^>

3 NADH, 1 FADH2, 1 GTP, 2 CO2

glycerol

3 CO2, 1 ATP, 6 NADH, 1 FADH2, 1 GTP (1 NADH = 2.5 ATP, 1 FADH2 = 1.5 ATP, 1 GTP = 1 ATP)

Glycerol ATP Total?

18.5 ATP

Fatty Acid Activation

Beta Oxidation (1/4)

Beta Oxidation (2/4)

Beta Oxidation (3/4)

Beta Oxidation (4/4)

Triglyceride ATP

45 - CO2,

18.5 ATP from glycerol,

92 ATP from each of three 14 C fatty acids

294.5 ATP total

Fatty acyl CoA

Truncated fatty acyl CoA (–2C), acetyl CoA , 1 x NADH, 1 x FADH2

total rounds of β-oxidation

(# C in fatty acid / 2) – 1

in the last round, the truncated fatty acyl CoA

acetyl CoA

14 C fatty acyl CoA would go through

6 rounds of β-oxidation

Fatty acid carboxylate (14 C) long-chain fatty acyl-CoA synthetase>

Fatty acyl CoA (14 C), –2 ATP

Fatty acyl CoA (14 C) Beta-Oxidation>

7 acetyl CoA , 6 NADH, 6 FADH2

7 acetyl CoA citric acid cycle>

21 NADH, 7 FADH2, 7 GTP, 14 CO2

Fatty acid carboxylate (14 C)

14 x CO2,

–2 x ATP,

27 x NADH,

13 FADH2,

7 x GTP

(1 NADH = 2.5 ATP, 1 FADH2 = 1.5 ATP, 1 GTP = 1 ATP)

92 ATP total

ATP

NADH

glucose glycolysis>

2 x ATP, 2 x NADH, and 2 x pyruvate

2 x pyruvate pyruvate dehydrogenase complex>

2 x CO2, 2 x NADH, 2 x acetyl CoA

Enolase>

Thiamine Pyrophosphate

Lipoamide

Citric Acid Cycle: START- 2 x acetyl CoA

4 CO2, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 2 GTP, 2 CoA-SH

NAD+

FAD

GDP

NADH

FADH2

GTP

NAD+ —> NADH, —→ CO2

OR

Complex One

Complex One Stats:

• 2 e- delivered by NADH

• one CoQH2 formed

• 4 H+ translocated

Succinate

FumarateComple

Complex Three

Two e- from QH2 are passed one-by-one to cytochrome C and recycled to increase the proton gradient

Complex Four

FOFI ATP SYNTHASE

F1 Portion Conformations

Open- Release ATP

Loose- binds ADP, Pi

Tight: Make ATP