Exam 3 Study Guide Flashcards

Flashcards for Exam 3 Study Guide based on lecture notes.

Problem Solving

Finding a way to reach a desired goal from a present state.

IDEAL Framework

Identify, Define, Explore, Act, Look

Initial and Goal States

Current situation and the end target.

Well-defined vs. Ill-defined Problems

Problems with clear paths to solutions vs. vague or multiple paths.

Problem Definition

The mental representation of a problem.

Problem Space

The entire range of possible states and actions to solve a problem.

Algorithms vs. Heuristics

Step-by-step procedures vs. general strategies in problem-solving.

Think Aloud Protocol

Verbalizing thoughts during problem-solving; revealing cognitive processes.

Trial-and-Error vs. Means-ends Strategies

Random attempts vs. reducing differences between current and goal states.

Mental Set

A tendency to approach problems in a particular way, even if ineffective.

Functional Fixedness

The inability to see an object being used for something other than what it is typically used for.

Analogical Transfer

Applying solutions from similar past problems; often difficult due to surface-level differences.

Isomorphic Problems

Problems with the same underlying structure but different surface details.

Insight

A sudden realization of a problem's solution.

Incubation

Taking a break from a problem, which can lead to later insight.

Three-process Theory of Insight

Representational Change, Constraint Relaxation, and Re-encoding

Fixation/Conformity

Focusing and imitating others, reducing novel solutions.

Reasoning

Thinking abstractly; the process of forming conclusions, judgments, or inferences from facts or premises

Deductive and Inductive Reasoning

General to specific vs specific to general.

Syllogistic Reasoning

Reasoning with statements containing premises and a conclusion.

Conditional Reasoning

If-then statements; drawing conclusions from conditions.

Single-process vs. Dual-process Theories

One process for all thinking vs. two distinct types of processes.

Probability Heuristics vs. Mental Models Theory

Judgments based on probabilities vs. mental representations of situations.

Analogical Reasoning

Using analogies to understand and solve problems.

Verification vs. Falsification Strategies

Seeking confirmation vs. seeking disconfirmation.

Type I vs. Type II Processes

Intuitive vs. Analytical thinking.

Scientific Reasoning

Generating, testing, and evaluating claims.

Goals

Desired outcomes that motivate behavior.

General Model of Decision Making

Identify-Set-Weigh-Evaluate-Select

Heuristics

Mental shortcuts that simplify decisions; prone to biases.

Stereotypes

Generalized beliefs about groups; based on characteristics.

Representative vs. Availability Heuristic

Estimating likelihood based on similarity vs. ease of recall.

Anchoring Effects

Over-relying on initial information or values.

Framing Bias

How information is presented impacts choices.

Loss Aversion Bias

Avoiding losses more than acquiring equivalent gains.

Ideal Decision-Making Model

Considering all possibilities to find the best outcomes.

Elimination-by-Aspects Strategy

Gradually reducing options by relevant attributes.

Expected Utility Theory

Choosing options that offer the greatest expected value.

Prospect Theory

How people choose between options involving risk and uncertainty.

Satisficing

Accepting a satisfactory rather than optimal choice.

Temporal Discounting

Devaluing future rewards relative to immediate ones.

Decoy Effect

Adding an option to influence perception of others.

Conjunction Fallacy

Believing that specific conditions are more probable than a single general one.

Habituation

Decreased response to repeated stimuli.

Violation-of-Expectation

Surprise at an unexpected event reveals understanding.

Language Development

From cooing to sentences; stages to communicate.

Telegraphic Speech

Two-word sentences lacking function words.

Interactionist Approach

Language is learned through interaction.

Cues in Language Development

Social and linguistic signals that aid understanding.

Implicit and Explicit Memory Development

Unconscious vs. conscious memory development.

Childhood Amnesia

Inability of adults to retrieve early episodic memories.

Knowledge Influence on Memory Development

Experiences shape memory; expertise enhances recall.

Working vs. Semantic Memory

Storage and manipulation vs. long-term storage of knowledge.

Effects of Aging on Episodic and Semantic Memory

Decline in recall, but maintained knowledge.

Prospective Memory (PM)

Remembering future intentions; differences due to strategies.

Development Process of Deductive & Inductive Reasoning

Development of logical and abstract thought.