Chapter 6 HPS2 Intro Quiz SG

Absolute zero

The lowest possible temperature that a substance may have—the temperature at which molecules of the substance have their minimum kinetic energy.

Calorie

The amount of heat needed to change the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 Celsius degree.

Conduction

The transfer of thermal energy by molecular and electronic collisions within a substance (especially within a solid).

Convection

The transfer of thermal energy in a gas or liquid by means of currents in the heated fluid. The fluid flows, carrying energy with it.

Entropy

The measure of the energy dispersal of a system. Whenever energy freely transforms from one form into another, the direction of transformation is toward a state of greater disorder and, therefore, toward greater entropy.

First law of thermodynamics

A restatement of the law of energy conservation, usually as it applies to systems involving changes in temperature: Whenever heat flows into or out of a system, the gain or loss of thermal energy equals the amount of heat transferred.

Heat

The thermal energy that flows from a substance of higher temperature to a substance of lower temperature, commonly measured in calories or joules.

Radiation

The transfer of energy by means of electromagnetic waves.

Second law of thermodynamics

Heat never spontaneously flows from a lower-temperature substance to a higher-temperature substance. Also, all systems tend to become more and more disordered as time goes by.

Specific heat capacity

The quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of a unit mass of a substance by 1 degree Celsius.

Temperature

A measure of the hotness or coldness of substances, related to the average translational kinetic energy per molecule in a substance; measured in degrees Celsius, in degrees Fahrenheit, or in kelvins.

Thermal energy

The total energy (kinetic plus potential) of the submicroscopic particles that make up a substance (often called internal energy or simply heat energy).

Thermodynamics

The study of heat and its transformation into different forms of energy.

Third law of thermodynamics

No system can reach absolute zero.

Kinetic theory of matter

The kinetic theory of matter posits that all substances are made up of tiny particles that are constantly moving. This movement is more vigorous at higher temperatures, influencing the properties of gases, liquids, and solids.

internal energy

term used by physicists instead of thermal energy

heat energy

another popular term for thermal energy

System

A substance, device, or well defined group of atoms or molecules

Mechanical work

Mechanical work in physics is when you apply force to an object, making it move. The amount of work done is the force multiplied by the distance moved.

Terrestrial radiation

radiation emitted by the earth

what is a kelvin?

A kelvin is a unit used to measure temperature, starting from absolute zero where particles have minimal motion.

how many kelvins is the surface of the sun?

6000 kelvins

What temperature do all molecules break up (no solids or liquids exist)?

4300 Kelvins

How much is somethings volume reduced for every degree below 0 degrees celcius?

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