Cell Biology Chapter 7 (part ll)

mutation only occurs in DNA because RNA is temporary

nucleus

Where is RNA transcribed in the cell of a eukaryotic cell

cytoplasm

Where is RNA transcribed in the cell of a prokaryotic cells

RNA polymerase ll complex

At what point in the transcription process in RNA capped

RNA capping

A modification process where a methylated guanine (CH3-G) cap is added to the 5' end of mRNA

to protect mRNA from exonuclease degradation and it stabilizes the strand

What is the purpose of capping an polyadenylation (polyA tail)

an addition of many Adenines to the end of a strand to cap it

What is polyadenylation / poly-A tail

5’-3’

What prime end is RNA added to

exons

The coding region on a gene is called the

introns

The non-coding region on a gene and is removed during splicing is called the

false

True or False: Genes are all the same length

DNA>RNA> protein

What is the order of the flow of genetic information

RNA polymerase (determines what strand to use as a template)

transcription is catalyzed by what enzyme

mRNA

this type of RNA carries instruction for making proteins

rRNA

this type of RNA forms the core of ribosomes

tRNA

This type of RNA acts as an adaptor molecule in protein synthesis

RNA polymerase bines to the DNA site known as promoter regions

What starts the process of transcription

sigma factor

Eukaryotic cells has complex transcription factors at the promoter region but eukaryotic cells has only 1 known as the

intron

which region is usually bigger the exon (coding region) to the intron (non coding region)

nucleus (before export)

What place in the cell does RNA splicing occur (removal of introns)

3’

What end of the strand does polydenation occur

5’

what end does RNA capping occur

pre-nRNA

The process of capping and polydenylation happens happens in what step of translation

cytoplasm

translation of mRNA into a protein happen in what part of the cell

aminoacyl-tRNA

what enzyme binds amino acids to there respected tRNA

anticodons

Does tRNA have codons or anticodons

AUG

what is the initiation codon sequence

3 (UAA, UAG, and UGA)

How many stop codons are there

protein synthesis

What can now happen when a ribosome assembles at the initiator codon (start codon)

proteasome

Where does protein degradation occur

ubiquitin

What protein tells the proteasome what to degrade

5’ o 3’ only

An RNA chain is synthesized in which direction

introns and exons are transcribed into RNA but introns are sliced out in the mature mRNA

in eukaryotes which parts of a gene are transcribed into RNA

transcription regulators (regulatory DNA sequences)

what switches genes on and off in cells

the RNA polymerase

transcription regulators bind near

a DNA recognition sequence for the first general transcription factor that binds to the promoter site (define where transcription begins and indicates which stand of DNA is being read and recruits RNA polymerase)

What is the TATA box

upstream, downstream, or within the genes they control

In eukaryotes where do transcription regulators bind

DNA methylation

turns off genes to block gene expression

yes

are mutations permanent

exon shuffling

this mutation happens when 2 or more existing genes are broken and rejoined to make a new gene

horizontal gene transfer

DNA being passed down from one genome of a cell to another

gamete cell

WIll mutations in a somatic cell or a gamete cell effect offspring

silent mutation

no effect on amino acid sequence

missense mutation

translate into a different amino acid sequence

nonsense mutation

changes an amino acid into a stop codon

frameshift mutation

which type of mutation is one of the most disastrous effects

frameshift mutation

this type of mutations effects all the amino acids (codons) following it

spontaneous mutations

what type of mutation is DNA polymerase making an error during DNA replication that doesn’t get fixed

induced mutations

this type of mutation occurs because of exposure to mutagens

carcinogens

a type of mutagen that causes cancer

spontaneous mutation

If DNA polymerase were to make a mistake during replication that does not get corrected, what type of mutation would this result in?

some amino acids are translated from more than one codon

A base substitution mutation in a gene may potentially have no effect on the protein the gene codes for. Which of the following factors could account for this?

after replication after rthe intern have been removed from pre RNA

When does exon splicing occur

5 -> 1 -> 4 -> 6 -> 3 -> 2

What is the correct order of the below events involved in the overall process from DNA to protein?

1. The double-stranded DNA molecule is “unzipped.”

2. Amino acids linked together to form a polypeptide.

3. tRNA carries amino acids to the ribosome.

4. mRNA is produced.

5. RNA polymerase binds to the DNA.

6. Ribosomes bind to the mRNA.