Insect Orders

Entognatha

"Non-insect hexapods"

Mouthparts retracted into head

Ametabolous

Primitively wingless

Orders: Protura, Diplura, Collembola

Collembola

Springtails

-.25-6mm long

-Furcula for springing

-Ametabolous, Entognatha

Ectognatha

External mouthparts

Ametabolous

Orders: Archaegnatha, Zygentoma

Archaeognatha

Bristletails

-Up tp 15 mm

-Cylindrical, arched body

-Large, contiguous compound eyes

-Scaled body

-3 parallel caudal filaments, middle one longest

-Prominent maxillary palps

-Ametabolous, Ectognatha

Zygentoma

Silverfish

-Elongate, flattened body

-Small, separated compound eyes

-Scaled body

-3 caudal filaments pointing in dif directions

-Ametabolous, Ectognatha

Ephemeroptera

Mayflies

-Elongate, soft bodies

-2-3 caudal filaments

-Membranous wings, forwings large and triangular

-Antennae short, small, setaceous

-Hemimetabolous

Odonata

Dragonflies & damselflies

-Long, slender abdomen

-Elongate, membranous, veined wings

-Dragonfly wings held out to side, damselfly wings held together behind body

-Setaceous antennae

-Chewing mouthparts

-Hemimetabolous

Plecoptera

Stoneflies

-Soft, flattish body

-Wings fold flat over abdomen, approx. same length as body

-Long narrow forewings

-Long antennae

-Chewing mouthparts

-Hemimetabolous

Dermaptera

Earwigs

-Elongate, slender, flat body

-Foreceps-like cerci

-Very short, nonfunctional wings

-Filiform antennae

-Chewing mouthparts

-Hemimetabolous

Blattodea

Cockroaches

-Oval, dorsoventrally flattened body

-Cursorial legs

-Head concealed dorsally by pronotum

-Tegmina wings

Termites (formerly Isoptera)

-White, soft-bodied

-Abdomen broadly joined to thorax

-Wingless except for reproductives

-If winged, wings are membranous

-Hemimetabolous

Hemiptera: Homoptera

Cicadas, aphids, plant hoppers, etc.

- "Same wing"

- Uniform forewings, either membranous or thickened

- Wings held together tent-like

- Setaceous or filiform antennae

- Piercing/sucking mouthparts

- Hemimetabolous

Hemiptera: Heteroptera

True bugs (stinkbugs, assassin bugs, etc.)

- "Different wing"

- Wings held flat on body, tips crossing apically

- Hemelytra forewings (top half thickened, bottom half membranous)

- Long antennae

- Piercing/sucking mouthparts

- Distinct triangular scutellum

- Hemimetabolous

Psocodea

Lice

- Wingless

- Eyes reduced or absent

- Clawed tarsi for gripping onto host

- Hemimetabolous

Thysanoptera

Thrips

- 0.5-5mm, slender body

- Sucking/rasping mouthparts

- If present, wings are scletotized rods with fringe of hairs

- Short antennae

- Hemimetabolous

Megaloptera

Dobsonflies, alderflies, fishflies

- Large veined wings, clearish but darkened

- 4 membranous wings held tent-like or flattened over body

- Strong mandibulate mouthparts, often pointing forward

- Long antennae

- Holometabolous

Neuroptera

Lacewings, antlions, mantisflies, etc.

- Wings with many veins, usually clear

- 4 membranous wings held tent-like over body

- Mandibulate mouthparts, often pointing downward

- Long antennae

- Holometabolous

Trichoptera

Caddisflies

- small/medium sized, slender

- generally dull colored, hairy, scales on wings

- wings held tent-like over body

- antennae long and slender

- adults have well-developed palps and reduced mandibles

- holometabolous

Siphonaptera

Fleas

- laterally flattened

- wingless

- small, 0.5-2 mm

- backward-projecting spines/bristles

- short antennae in grooves on head

- piercing/sucking mouthparts

- holometabolous

Coleoptera

Beetles

- elytra, meet at midline of body, may be shortened

- highly diverse in size, shape, color, antennae

- chewing mouthparts

- usually no ocelli

- holometabolous

Mecoptera

Scorpionflies

- slender body, 9-22 mm

- rostrum (prolonged "beak" on head)

- 4 membranous wings of similar size/venation

- tip of abdomen enlarged and curled up like a scorpion tail

- holometabolous

Hymenoptera

Bees, wasps, ants

- winged species have 4 membranous wings

- hindwings smaller than forewings, connected

- ovipositor may be developed into a stinger

- many have narrow waist

- holometabolous

Diplura

-<7 mm, pale

-2 caudal filaments (cerci)

-Eyeless/no ocelli

-Ametabolous, Entognatha

Hemimetabolous

Incomplete metamorphosis

No pupal stage

Young "nymphs/naiads" resemble adults

Main changes: size, sexual organs, wings

May have niche differentiation

Orders: Ephemeroptera, Odonata, Plecoptera, Dermaptera, Orthoptera, Phasmatodea, Mantodea, Blattodea (Isoptera), Hemiptera (Heteroptera & Homoptera), Psocdodea, Thysanoptera

Mantodea

Mantises/mantids

-Large, elongate

-Raptorial forelegs

-Extended pronotum

-Freely movable head

-Hemimetabolous

Holometabolous

Complete metamorphosis

Egg, larva, pupa, adult

Lepidoptera

Butterflies, moths

- scales on wings

- adults have sucking mouthparts, larva chewing

- large compound eyes

- butterflies generally have clubbed antennae, male moths often have plumed antennae

- holometabolous

Diptera

Flies

- 1 pair of wings

- 1 pair of halteres (reduced hindwings)

- diverse mouthparts

- holometabolous

Ametabolous

No metamorphosis

Gradual size increase

Adults look similar to young and occupy same ecological niche

Protura

-0.6-1.5 mm, whitish

-Eyeless

-No antennae

-Ametabolous, Entognatha

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