Geography grade 10 unit 2

Structure of earth

Core

The innermost layer of the Earth, . It plays a crucial role in Earth's magnetic field generation. components of iron and nickel

Crust

The outermost layer of the Earth, consisting of solid rock and minerals, which forms the planet's surface and includes both continental and oceanic crust.

Hydrosphere

The combined mass of water found on, under, and above the surface of a planet, including oceans, lakes, rivers, groundwater, and atmospheric water vapor.

lithosphere

The rigid outer layer of the Earth, consisting of the crust and the uppermost part of the mantle, which is involved in tectonic activity.

Igneous rock

A type of rock formed through the cooling and solidification of magma or lava, characterized by its crystalline structure and can be classified as intrusive or extrusive.

sedimentary and metamorphic rock

Sedimentary rock is formed from the accumulation and compaction of mineral and organic particles, while metamorphic rock is created when existing rocks undergo transformation due to heat and pressure.

sandy soil

retains moisture well and is composed of larger particles than clay or silt. It has good drainage properties and supports diverse plant life.

when was Ethiopian rift valley formed

during the Late Tertiary period.

compaction

the process by which sediment is compressed under pressure, leading to the formation of sedimentary rocks.

bio clastic sedimentary rock

Limestone

which part of Ethiopia is the wettest

south western

Mesozoic era

the geological time period that lasted from about 252 to 66 million years ago, marked by the dominance of dinosaurs and the formation of significant geological features.

Cenozoic era

the geological time period following the Mesozoic, beginning about 66 million years ago, characterized by the rise of mammals and birds.

longest geological time

Precambrianbefore the Cambrian period, lasting from the formation of Earth to about 541 million years ago, characterized by the development of the Earth's crust and early life forms. era

soil that has coarse texture

sand soil

poorly drained soil

Clay

tropical savanah grass land

A biome characterized by grasslands with scattered trees, generally found in regions with a warm climate and distinct wet and dry seasons.

Berha climate Ethiopia

acacia vegetation

Wurch

afro airplane areas

subtropical

woina dega

koppen classifcation letter B

Dry climate

koppen classifcation letter E

Frigid climate zones

example of clastic sedimentary rock

limestone

What is the difference between the lithosphere and the asthenosphere?

The lithosphere is the rigid outer layer of the Earth, comprising the crust and the upper mantle, while the asthenosphere is the semi-fluid layer beneath it, allowing for tectonic plate movement.

Example of an igneous rock?

Granite (intrusive), Basalt (extrusive).

What is the climate like in the Ethiopian Highlands?

Cool and temperate with significant rainfall

What is the most recent period of the Cenozoic era?

The most recent period of the Cenozoic era is the Quaternary period, which is characterized by significant climatic changes and the development of modern ecosystems.

What major event marked the beginning of the Cenozoic era?

The extinction of the dinosaurs

What is the Paleozoic era known for?

The Paleozoic era is known for the emergence of complex life forms, including the first vertebrates and land plants, and encompasses several significant geological periods.

What life forms dominated the Paleozoic era? and life form

The Paleozoic era, lasting from about 541 to 252 million years ago, is known for the development of complex life forms, including the first land plants and animals.
marine life forms