NSO Chapter 3

Coal and Petroleum

What are Exhaustible natural resources?

They are present in limited amount in nature, they CAN be exhausted by human activities. Cannot be continually replenished. Eg. Petroleum. Coal or natural gas.

What are inexhaustible natural resources.

Present in unlimited amounts in nature, Not likely to be exhausted by human activity, can be continually replenished. Eg. Air, water, sunlight, soil.

What is fossil fuel?

The fuels formed by the dead parts of living organisms buried under the earth millions of years ago are called fossil fuels.

How are fossil fuels formed?

In the absence of air, high temperature and high pressure the remains of plants and animals become fossil fuels. 

How is coal and petroleum formed?

Coal is formed from the buried remains of plants, petroleum and natural gases are from buried remains of small marine plants. 

What is Coal?

it is found in deep coal mines under the earths surface. It was formed by carbonisation which is the conversion of dead trees/ plants into coal.

What is the composition of coal?

It is a mixture of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and sulphur.

What are some uses of coal?

As a fuel in homes and industries, In thermal power plants for generating electricity, or as a source of organic chemicals. 

What are the 4 types of coal?

Peat(40-50%),Lignite(60-70%), Bituminous coal(90%- most common), and Anthracite coal(90-95% carbon- best coal)

What is destructive distillation?

Heating coal without air is called destructive distillation to form Coke, Coal gas, and coal tar. 

What is “Coke” used for?

It is a pure form of carbon, it is used as a reducing agent in the extraction of metal, It is also used in the production of producer gas,(CO + N2) and water gas(CO + H2)

What is Coal tar used for?

it is a mixture of about 200 different substances. Some products obtained from coal tar is used drugs, paints or photographic materials. 

What is coal gas used for?

It contains hydrogen(H2), methane(CH4), Carbon monoxide(CO) and some other gases aswell. It is used as fuel in industries.

What is ammonia compounds used for?

It is dissolved in water to make an ammoniacal liquor which is used to make fertilisers.

What is a limitation of fossil fuels?

Fossil fuels to millions of years to form. burning fossil fuels adds a lot of undesirable substances(bad substances) in the atmosphere.

Why should fossil fuels be conserved?

As they are a non renewable source the supply is limited

How can we conserve fossil fuels?

Use the fossil fuels wisely. Using alternate sources of energy, renewable sources. Eg. wind, nuclear. 

What is petroleum?

It is a dark, foul smelling flammable liquid. It is a complex mixture of hydrocarbons (compounds made of carbon and hydrogen). Petroleum is formed from dead tiny sea animals and plants that lived millions on years ago. That is why petroleum is often found underwater. 

Where does petroleum occur?

in between 2 layers of non porous rock forming an oil deposits.

What is refining?

Crude petroleum oil is a mixture of solid, liquid and gaseous hydrocarbons. Seperating it into more useful parts is called refining. 

How does crude oil refining work?

There is a long tube under which oil is burned at 400 degree C. The vapours head upwards and condense. different layers of condensed crude oil becomes various different oils.

What is the use of petroleum gas?

It is used as a fuel in home and industry, can also be use as LPG.

What is the use of Petrol?

Mainly as a fuel in light motor vehicles and used as a solvent for dry cleaning.

What is the use of Kerosene?

It is used as a domestic fuel but also used as jet engine fuel. 

What is the use of diesel?

It is used as a fuel for heavy motor vehicles

What is the use of lubricating oil?

For lubrication of machines and engines.

What is the use of paraffin wax?

Used for making candles, vaseline and ointments, etc.

What is the use of bitumen?

it is used for road surfacing, for water proofing roofs and to make black paint.

What are the chemicals obtained from petroleum and natural gases called?

Petrochemicals

What is petroleum also known as?

Black gold.

While refining petroleum, what is the residue?

it is a mixture of different things left at the bottom which have to high a boiling point.

What is LPG

Liquified petroleum gas, it is a mixture of mainly propane and butane. it is a clean fuel used for cooking gas. As it is a clean fuel it does not realised any pollution as well. 

What is natural gas?

Natural gas is mainly made of methane(95%) with some parts butane and propane. it is used as fuels for vehicles aswell in the form of CNG

What does CNG stand for?

compressed natural gas.

What are some advantages of CNG?

it creates less pollution so it is a cleaner fuel. better fuel capability as it can be heated better. can be directly supplied through pipes.

What is destructive distillation?

It is heating something in the absence of oxygen to create a better valued product.

How can wood charcoal be produced and what are some uses of it?

through heating wood in the absence of oxygen. it is a great household fuel, part of gunpowder and used in gas masks and in study of metal(metallurgy).

How can animal charcoal be produced and what are some uses of it?

Obtained by heating bones in the absence of oxygen. it is used to remove colour from liquids. 

How can sugar charcoal be produced and what are some uses of it?

dehydrating sugar with concentrated H₂SO₄(sulphuric acid). It creates the purest form of amorphous carbon. Used for extracting metals from their oxides. 

How can lampblack(kajal) be produced and what are some uses of it?

Obtained by burning hydrocarbons in very little air. used as a stabilising filler for rubber in making tyres and plastics. used as a black pigment in inks and paints. used for making black shoe polish, and used for making carbon papers and carbon ribbons for typewriters. 

How can gad carbon be produced and what are some uses of it?

it is obtained by heating coal in the absence of oxygen. it is used for making electrodes in dry cells(basically part of a battery)