FBLA Journalism #2

Major Funding Sources include (for journalism and journalists) :

The Knight Foundation.

Ford Foundation.

Revson Foundation.

The Lenfest Institute.

Emerson Collective.

Robert R. McCormick Foundation.

Major Funding Sources include (for publications) :

Small Business Administration (SBA).

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).

NASA.

National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH).

National Science Foundation (NSF).

Funding sources that allow for publications and news reporting :

Advertising revenue, Subscriptions, Grants, Government Funding, Crowdfunding, Promoting products/services, and Events/Sponsorships.

What education is needed for different jobs in journalism :

At least a bachelors degree in journalism, communications, or a related field, such as English.

Role of Editor-in-Chief :

The top editorial position responsible for overseeing the entire newsroom, setting the editorial direction, and ensuring the quality and integrity of the content.

Role of Managing Editor :

Assists the Editor-in-Chief in managing the day-to-day operations of the newsroom, including assigning stories, coordinating coverage, and overseeing editorial staff.

Role of Section Editors :

Responsible for specific content areas (e.g., news, features, sports) and manage reporters and writers within those sections. They ensure content aligns with the editorial vision.

Role of Reporters and Writers :

Gather information, conduct interviews, and write articles or stories. They work under the direction of section editors and contribute to the overall coverage of the news organization.

Role of Copy Editors :

Edit and proofread articles before publication, ensuring the content adheres to the news organization's editorial standards.

Role of Photographers and Videographers :

Capture visual elements (photos or videos) to complement news stories. They work closely with reporters and editors to visually enhance the storytelling.

Role of Online and Social Media Editors :

Manage the digital presence of the news organization, including the website and social media accounts. They may also engage with social media audience. Overall: PR.

Role of Graphic Designers and Layout Editors :

Create visual elements for print or online publication, including layout and design of pages. They collaborate with editors to present content in an appealing and organized manner.

Role of Interns and Junior Reporters :

Entry-level positions for individuals gaining practical experience in journalism. They may assist with research, reporting, and other tasks under the guidance of more experienced staff.

Role of Freelancers :

A works for themselves, rather than for a company. While freelancers do take on contract work for companies and organizations, they are ultimately self-employed.

Role of Contributors :

Employees who are not on a management track within an organization, but instead, manage their one-person team on projects and tasks.

Salary of different jobs :

Public Relations Managers. Median Salary $118,430.

Technical Writers. Median Salary $74,650.

Writers and Authors. Median Salary $67,120.

Editors. Median Salary $63,400.

Radio and Television Journalists. Median Salary $55,030.

Newspaper, Periodical, Book, and Directory Publishers. Median Salary $51,190.

Expenses in news stories :

Text journalist/article fee.

Camera person/video fee.

Radio journalist/package fee.

Multimedia producer/project manager day's work.

Expenses in newsmaker stories :

Researcher's work fee.

Text journalist/article fee.

Camera person/video fee.

Radio journalist/package fee.

Multimedia producer/project manager work fee.

Expenses in filler stories :

Text journalist/article fee.

Objective Journalism:

Strives to present facts and information without bias, allowing readers to form their own opinions.

Advocacy Journalism:

Takes a position on social issues, often advocating for a specific cause or viewpoint.

Investigative Journalism:

Delves deep into complex issues, often exposing corruption, injustice, or hidden truths.

Solutions Journalism:

Goes beyond highlighting problems to explore potential solutions and success stories.

Community Journalism:

Emphasizes local news and community issues, often fostering a sense of connection among residents.

Citizen Journalism:

Involves individuals without formal journalism training reporting on events using online platforms.

Opinion Journalism:

Expresses the writer's personal opinions or analysis on current events.

Business Journalism:

Reports on financial and economic matters, including market trends, business strategies, and corporate developments.

Science and Technology Journalism:

Reports on scientific discoveries, technological advancements, and their societal impacts.

Data Journalism:

Utilizes data analysis and visualization to tell stories and uncover trends.

According to AP style, what is the correct state abbreviation of Alaska?

Ala.

RRA:

Regional Reporters Association

JEA:

Journalism Education Association

FMM:

Free Media Movement

AP style stands for:

Associated Press Style

FOI stands for:

Freedom of Information

Alliteration

the occurrence of the same letter or sound at the beginning of adjacent or closely connected words. E.G., Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers.

Simile

A comparison using "like" or "as". E.G., as brave as a lion.

Metaphor

A comparison without using "like" or "as". E.G., I'm drowning in work.

Boilerplate:

A brief paragraph stating who you are, what you do, and how you do it, usually used as the first paragraph in a biography or last paragraph in a news release.

Contributing reporter or writer:

Often used to describe a freelance writer.

Concept story:

Feature story designed to pique the interest of a certain demographic audience.

Copy editor:

Last professional to see and approve written material before it is delivered to an audience by a media outlet. Responsible for its accuracy, grammar, and length.

Jargon.

Special words or expressions that are used by a particular profession or group and are difficult for others to understand.

Sidebar:

Text set off from the main body of text in a text box that provides additional information for the reader.

1st Amendment:

Freedom of Religion, Speech, Press, Assembly, and Petition

Shield Laws

Laws that give reporters some protection against having to reveal their sources.

Libel:

A written defamation of a person's character, reputation, business, or property rights.

Gag orders:

An order issued by a judge restricting the publication of news about a trial or a pretrial hearing to protect the accused's right to a fair trial.

Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act ("FERPA"):

A federal privacy law that protects student educational records from disclosure.

Ethical bounderies:

Truthfulness

Accuracy and fact-based communications

Independence

Objectivity

Impartiality

Fairness

Respect for others

Public accountability

Hazelwood School District v. Kuhlmeier (1988)

Affirmed that school administrators could censor official school publications

Branzburg v. Hayes (1971)

Supreme Court ruled that freedom of press did not create a constitutional privilege protecting reporters from having to testify in grand jury proceedings about the identity of news sources or information received in confidence.

Cohen v. Cowles Media Co. (1982)

the Supreme Court established that the government generally cannot criminalize the display of profane words in public places.

Chandler v. Florida (1981)

Ruled that cameras do not prevent a fair trial and that states may allow their presence in the courtroom. If a state allows cameras, their presence does not violate the constitutional guarantee of a fair trial. / If a state denies cameras, it is not a violation of the First Amendment.

New York Times Co. v. Sullivan (1964)

Supreme Court concluded that "actual malice" must be proven to support a finding of libel against a public figure.

Gertz vs. Robert Welch, Inc. (1974)

Supreme Court ruled that the First Amendment does not require a private individual who is publicly libeled to meet the burden of proof.

New York Times Co. vs. United States (1971)

Court established a "heavy presumption against prior restraint," even in cases involving national security. This means that the Court is very likely to find cases of government censorship unconstitutional.

Features often:

Have a personal slant and are written in an individual style.

The primary purpose of journalism is to:

To give people the information they need to make better decisions about their lives and function in a democratic society.

Basic questions used in news gathering:

Who, what, when, where, why?

Role of sources in journalism:

Journalists evaluate sources for accuracy, transparency, reliability, and relevance to a story.

William Randolph Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer

Writers who used yellow journalism

First successful journalist

Benjamin Franklin (founded Pennsylvania Post)

Isaiah Thomas

Published his account of "The shot heard 'round the world" the musket shot by a British soldier that began the Revolutionary war.

Embedded journalists:

nonmilitary reporters attached to a military unit

Direct leads are answered by:

Yes/No

indirect lead(soft lead) are answered by:

Open ended answers

Mathew Brady:

is often referred to as the father of photojournalism and is most well known for his documentation of the Civil War

Thomas Nast:

Is considered to be the father of American political cartooning. His artwork was primarily based on political corruption. He helped people realize the corruption of some politicians.

Joseph Medill:

Editor of the Chicago tribune, was anti-slavery and pro-union. He believed in the principles that america was founded on.

Sensationalism:

The use of exciting or shocking stories or language at the expense of accuracy, in order to provoke public interest or excitement.

Objective journalism:

A model of news reporting that is based on the communication of "facts" rather than opinions and that is "fair" in that it presents all sides of partisan debate.

Adolph Simon Ochs:

Former owner of The New York Times.

Briton Hadden and Henry Luce:

Created the Time Magazine.

Pulitzer Prizes

Annual prizes that reward achievement in journalism, literature, and musical composition

Poet: Robert Frost:

Won Pulitzer Prize 4 times, author of "Nothing Gold Can Stay".

Walter Cronkite:

A newscaster who was known for his objectivity and trustworthiness.

Red Smith Award:

Awarded by the Associated Press Sports Editors organization for outstanding contributions to sports journalism. Unlike many journalism awards, it is open to both writers and editors.

Worth Bingham Prize:

Honors investigative reporting of stories of national significance where the public interest is being ill-served.

Joseph Pulitzer significance:

Helped to establish the pattern of the modern newspaper.