AP Chemistry Unit 3 Mid-Unit Test

Chemistry

Nonpolar Molecules IMFs

London Dispersion Forces (LDF), temporary, weak attractions caused by induced diples

Polar Molecules IMFs

Dipole-Dipole Forces + LDF, Permanent dipoles attract each other, stronger than LDF alone

Polar with H bonded to F, O, N IMFs

Hydrogen Bonding + Dipole-Dipole + LDF, Second strongest IMF, hydrogen attached to a F, O, N is attracted to F, O, N of another molecule

Ionic Compounds IMFs

Ion-Ion(solid) or Ion-Dipole(solution), Attraction between full charges (ion-ion) or an ion and a polar molecule (ion-dipole_

Ionic Solid Traits

Ionic bonds, high melting point, brittle, hard

Covalent Network Solid Traits

Covalent bonds, high melting point, hard, nonconducting

Metallic Solid Traits

Metallic bonds, Variable hardness and melting point, conducting

Molecular Solid Traits

Inter molecular forces, low melting point, nonconducting

Cohesion

IMFs bind similar molecules to one another

Adhesion

IMFs bind a substance to a separate surface

C° + ___ = K°

273°

1mm Hg(torr) × ____ = 1atm

760

PV=nRT, R = ____

.0821 (most of the time)

What equation to find pressure, volume, moles, or temperature of a gas

PV = nRT

What equation to convert mass to moles

mole = molar mass (g/mol) ÷ mass (g)​

What equation to correct for water vapor pressure when a gas is collected over water

Pᵍᵃˢ = Pᵗᵒᵗᵃˡ - Pᴴ₂ᴼ

What equation if there are changes to Pressure, Volume, or Temperature

Equation to find density of a gas

P = Pressure
M = Molar mass
R = Constant
T = Temperature

Equation to find gas produced or consumed in a reaction

n = Moles

Coefficient = Number to the left of an element in a formula

Key points of Kinetic Molecular Theory

(1) the particles in a gas are in constant, random motion

(2) the combined volume of the particles is negligible

(3) the particles exert no forces on one another

(4) any collisions between the particles are completely elastic

(5) the average kinetic energy of the particles is proportional to the temperature in kelvins

Effusion

Escape of gas molecules through a hole into an evacuated spaced, volume increases, pressure decreases

Diffusion

Spread of one substance throughout a space or second substance

When making a Maxwell Boltzmann Distribution Curve…

Molar Mass:
Higher molar mass substances have taller, narrower curves, Lighter gases have shorter broader curves.

Temperature:
Higher temperature → Flatter curve, more kinetic energy (Right)