11. Eating & Wake/Sleep Disorders

Feeding or eating disorders

characterized by a persistent disturbance of eating or eating-related behavior that results in the altered consumption or absorption of food and that significantly impairs physical health or psychosocial functioning.

Bulimia Nervosa

Out of control eating followed by compensatory behaviors like vomiting or excessive exercise to avoid gain weight

Anorexia Nervosa

Extreme restriction of food intake and an intense fear of gaining weight.

Binge-eating

Eating large amounts of food accompanied by a sense of loss of control and later finding it distressing, but they do not attempt to purge the food

antidepressant (Prozac)

drug treatment for bulimic patients with 65% reduction in binge eating

transdiagnostic

means applicable to all eating disorders with minor changes

The Body Project

developed from the “Student Bodies Program”, is a structured, interactive, internet‑based health‑education that aims to improve body‑image satisfaction

2000

in what year did the adults with excess weight surpass the number underweight adults worldwide

30+

BMI of obesity

Night eating syndrome

Individuals with this syndrome consume a third or more of their daily intake after their evening meal and get out of bed at least once during the night to have a high-calorie snack

nocturnal eating syndrome

individuals get up during the night and raid the refrigerator but never wake up

bariatric surgery

surgical approach to extreme obesity modifying the digestive system

gastric sleeve

part of the stomach is removed to create a sleeve or tube-like structure.

Gastric Bypass operation

creates a bypass of the stomach, which limits not only food intake but also absorption of calories.

Twinkie tax

imposing tax on high-calorie, high-fat, or high-sugar foods as a means of addressing the obesity epidemic

Dyssomnia

involve difficulties in getting enough sleep, problems with sleeping when you want to, and complaints about the quality of sleep.

Parasomnia

characterized by abnormal behavior or physiological events that occur during sleep, such as nightmares and sleepwalking

Insomnia disorder

characterized by difficulty falling or staying asleep or waking up too early, initiating sleep or trouble falling asleep at night, maintaining sleep or waking up frequently or too early and can’t go back to sleep

Non-restorative sleep

even if they sleep a reasonable number of hours, are still not rested the next day

Fatal Familial Insomnia

a degenerative brain disorder where total lack of sleep eventually leads to death

primary insomnia

a persistent sleep disorder characterized by difficulty falling asleep, staying asleep, or getting restful sleep, without being a symptom of another underlying medical, psychiatric, or substance-related issue

Hypersomnolence Disorder

involves sleeping too much

Narcolepsy

irrepressible need to sleep, often reports of sleep paralysis after waking, cataplexy

Cataplexy

the person is awake and suddenly experiences mild facial weakness or full collapse lasting seconds to minutes, usually triggered by strong emotions

Sleep paralysis

Includes experiencing hypnagogic hallucinations-vivid, sometimes terrifying sensations that feel extremely real and involve multiple senses.

chromosome 6

gene cluster linked to narcolepsy

hypocretin neurons

people with narcolepsy have a significant loss of this type of neurons

Breathing-related Sleep Disorders

occur when a person's breathing becomes labored (hypoventilation or even briefly stops for about 10-30 seconds during sleep

Obstructive Sleep Apnea Hypopnea

a condition where the airway becomes blocked during sleep, stopping airflow even though the body is trying to breathe.

Obstructive Sleep Apnea Hypopnea (OSA)

It is commonly seen with loud snoring, gasping, and excessive daytime sleepiness.

Central Sleep Apnea(CSA)

a sleep disorder where the brain temporarily fails to send signals to the breathing muscles, causing pauses in breathing without snoring and often without the person noticing.

Idiopathic central sleep apnea

Characterized by repeated episodes of apneas and hypopneas during sleep caused by variability in respiratory effort but without evidence of airway obstruction.

Cheyne-Stokes breathing

A pattern of periodic crescendo-decrescendo variation in tidal volume that results in central apneas and hypopneas at a frequency of at least five events per hour, accompanied by frequent arousal.

Sleep-Related Hypoventilation

a condition where a person breathes too slowly or too shallowly during sleep, making the body hold too much carbon dioxide and leading to tiredness in the morning.

Idiopathic hypoventilation

a subtype of sleep-related hypoventilation that is not attributable to any readily identified condition

Congenital central alveolar hypoventilation

This subtype of sleep-related hypoventilation is a rare congenital disorder in which the individual typically presents in the perinatal period with shallow breathing, or cyanosis and apnea during sleep.

Comorbid sleep-related hypoventilation

This subtype of sleep-related hypoventilation occurs as a consequence of a medical condition such as a pulmonary disorder or a neuromuscular or chest wall disorder, or obesity.

Circadian Rhythm Sleep-Wake Disorders

a condition where a person's internal body clock fails to match the 24-hour day-night cycle, leading to disturbed sleep such as insomnia or excessive daytime sleepiness. It happens when the brain cannot properly synchronize sleep patterns with environmental time cues like light and darkness.

circa- about, dian- day

meaning of circadian

suprachiasmatic nucleus in the hypothalamus

biological clock in our brin

melatonin

nicknamed “Dracula hormone”

melatonin

the production of this hormone is stimulated by darkness and ceases in daylight

Batangas (char) pineal gland

where is melatonin produced

Jet Lag Type

caused by crossing multiple time zones characterized by difficulty going to sleep at the proper time and feeling fatigued during the day

westward

which traveling direction usually affects people the most

benzodiazepine

medicine that slows down the activity in the brain and nervous system for insomniac patient

stimulant

medicine to reduce daytime sleepiness and stimulate CNS for narcoleptic patient

antidepressant

medicine to suppress REM sleep for cataplexy patient

CPAP machine (Continuous Positive Airway Pressure)

machine to deliver pressurized air through a mask to keep the airways open while sleeping for patients with breathing-related disorder

Phase delay

moving bedtime later

bright light

used to trick the brain into readjusting the biological clock

Nightmare disorder

repeated occurrences of extended, extremely dysphoric, and well-remembered dreams that usually involve efforts to avoid threats to survival, security, or physical integrity and that generally occur during the second half of the major sleep episode. occurs during REM

Non-Rapid Eye Movement Sleep Arousal Disorders

recurrent episodes of incomplete awakening from sleep accompanied by sleepwalking, sleep terrors, and incomplete awakening

Sleepwalking

Repeated episodes of rising from bed during sleep and walking about.

Sleep terrors

Recurrent episodes of abrupt terror arousals from sleep, usually beginning with a panicky scream. There is intense fear and signs of autonomic arousal, such as mydriasis, tachycardia, rapid breathing. and sweating, during each episode. There is relative unresponsiveness to efforts of others to comfort the individual during the episodes.

Rapid Eye Movement Sleep Behavior Disorder

These are repeated episodes of vocalizations and/or complex motor behaviors in response to the content of action-filled or violent dreams