Cardio Vascular System

Arteries

transport blood away from heart

Veins

transport blood toward the heart

Capillaries

allow exchange between blood and body tissues

Blood components, formed elements

Erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets, plasma

Erythrocytes

red blood cells, transport respiratory gases

Leukocytes

white bloods cells, defend against pathogens

Platelets

help form blood clots

Plasma

fluid portion of blood contains plasma proteins and dissolved solutes

Primary blood functions

transportation, protection, regulation of body conditions, fluid balance

Buffer

Can accept and Donta hydrogen ions to maintain a pH in a solution

Fluid balance

Water added to blood from GI tract and lost through urine, skin, respiration, driven by osmotic pressure

Volume of blood

5 liters in adult

Viscosity

sickness, 4-5 times thicker than water

If viscosity increases, blood pressure

increases

Plasma concentration of solutes in blood determines

the direction of osmosis across capillary wallshe T

The temperature of blood is

1 C degree warmer than measured body temp, helps warm tissues

Blood’s ph is slightly

basic and between 7.35 and7.45

Components of blood

Plasma (55%) top of tube, Buffy coat (1%) very thin middle layer with gray-white color with leukocytes and platelets, Erythrocytes (44%) lower red layer RBCs

Hematocrit

Percentage of RBCs in sample

Erythrocytes are most

numerous in blood

Eyrthrocytes lifespan and what they transport

transport O2 and. CO2,live about 120 days

Leukocytes are larger than

erythrocytes

Know as immune cells

leukocytes

Leukocytes live for

hours to year

Platelets are

are small cell fragments involved in hemostasis

Hemostasis

blood clotting

Platelets live about

8-10 days

Plasma

Composed of (92%), plasma proteins (7%), dissolved molecules and ions (1%)

Plasma has a higher ____ than interstitial fluid

protein concentration

Blood is a ______ (contains dispered proteins)

colloid

Plasma proteins exert

colloid osmotic pressure

Plasma proteins ___ fluid back into the vessels

pull

Plasma proteins

Albumins (58%), globulins (37%), fibrinogen (4%), regulatory proteins (<1%)

Albumins

Excert greatest colloid pressure, acts as carrier proteins for some hormones, lipids, ions

Globulins

Smaller Alph-globulins and larger beta-globulins

Alpha-globulins and beta globulins

transport some water-insoluble molecules, hormones, metals, ions

Gamma-globulins

antibodies, part of body’s defense

Fibrinogen

aids in blood clotting, serum is plasma clotting removed

Regulatory proteins

Includes enzymes and hormones

What is another term for leukocyte? What is their primary function?

White blood cells. Immune function

IS the pH of blood basic or acidic? Why is this important?

Basic. If not, enzymes denature.

What type of plasma protein has an immune function?

Gammaglobin

Hemopoiesis

production of red blood cells (red bone marrow)

Hemocytoblasts

stem cells for formed elements (can become anything)

Myeloid line

Forms erythrocytes, all leukocytes except lymphocytes , and megakaryocytic

Lymphoid line

forms only lymphocytes

Colony-stimulating factors (CSFs)

stimulate hemopoiesis, target hemocytoblasts

Erythropoiesis

Red blood cell production

Hemocytoblast differentiates in to a _______ cell

myeloid stem cell

Steps for erythropoiesis

1. Progenitor cell (EPO)

2. Proerythroblast (EPO)

3. Erythroblast

4. Normoblast: ejects nucleus

5. Reticulocyte

6. Erythrocyte

Leukopoiesis

production of leukocytes, involves maturation of granulocytes, monocytes, and lymphocytes

Thrombopoisesis

platelet production, blow flow slices off fragments to make them

Megakaryocyte

platelets are portions of this cell

What is the purpose of a colony stimulating factor?

Decides product

What would cause the realize f a colony stimulating factor?

Decrease immune system, loss of RBCs

Erythrocytes lack a

nucleus

What is hemoglobin?

red-pigmented protein that transports oxygen and carbon dioxide

Termed oxygenated when _____ loaded with oxygen

maximally

Each hemoglobin molecule is complex of _______

four hemoglobins

Erythropoietin (EPO)

Control of erythropoiesis

Where is EPO produced?

By the kidneys

How is EPO stimulation stimulated?

Decreased in blood oxygen

What does testosterone stimulate?

EPO production

Do males or females have higher erythrocyte count?

Males

How does altitude affect blood oxygen levels?

Low oxygen stimulates EPO production

Old erythrocytes are phagocytized by the

liver or spleen

Globins and membrane proteins of erythrocyte are broken into

amino acids

Iron from hemoglobin transported by

transferrin protein to liver and recycled

Iron is bound to the storage proteins

ferritin and hemosiderin in the liver and transported to RBM for erythrocyte production

The heme group of erythrocytes is

excreted

How heme is excreted

1. Converted within macrophages into green pigment: biliverdin

2. Further converted to yellow pigment: bilirubibn (becomes part of bile)

3. Bilirubin converted to urobilinogen in small intestine

4. Can continue through intestine and convert by bacteria to sterocobilin and be expelled as feces

5. Can be reabsorbed back into blood and converted to urobilin

Blood group depends on

surface antigens

ABO blood group determined by presence of absence of

A antigen or B antigen

A person’s antigen determines their

antibody statusA

A person never has antibodies for

their own surface proteins

RH blood type

presence or absence of Rh factor, antigen D

Agglutination occurs

Someone receives incompatible blood type

What happens when agglunation occurs

Antibodies bind to transfused erythrocytes and climb together

Agglutination can cause

hemolysis and organ damage

Hemolytic disease of the newborn

occurs when maternal antibodies attack fetal red blood cells.

What part of RBC are recycled? Excreted

Iron and global, heme

Which blood type is universal recipient?

AB+

Leukocytes do not contain

hemoglobin

Diapedesis

process of squeezing through blood vessel wall

Chemotaxis

attraction of leukocytes to chemical at an infection site

Leukocyte types

Granulocytes and agranulocytes

3 types of granulocytes

neutrophil, eosinophil, basophil

Neutrophils

most numerous leukocyte, multi-lobed nucleus, releases enzymes that target pathogens, numbers rise in acute bacterial infections

Eosinophils

1-4% of leukocytes, bi-lobed nucleus connected by thin strand, increased numbers during parasitic worm infections and allergic reactions

Basophils

less than 1% of leukocytes, bi-lobed nucleus, release histamine and heparin during allergic reactions and inflammatory responses.

Histamine

release increases in blood vessel diameter and capillary permeability

Heparin

Inhibits blood clotting

Agranulocytes

lymphocytes, monocytes

Lymphocytes

“halo”, 20-40% of blood leukocytes, reside in lymphatic organs and structures

Types of lymphocytes

T,B, NK

T-lymphocytes

“talk”, mark cells of being dangerous

B-lymphocytes

Produce antibodies

NK cells

attack and poison abnormal and infected tissues

Monocytes

Moon shaped, 2-*% of leukocytes, numbers increase during chronic infection

Macrophages

Monocytes that left the blood vessel