phonetics and acoustics

Speech science

The study of physiological and physical aspects of speech sound production and perception

Phonetics and acoustics

The two main branches of speech science

Phonetics

Analyzes the physiological movements involved in speech sound production, and the affects the produced have on the listener

Acoustics

The study of the physical properties of speech sounds produced by physiological movements of the articulators

Speech perception

The understanding of spoken speech

Language

A code or system of symbols, used to express concepts, formed through exposure and experience

language

Speech is the production of ______

phonology

Scientific study of the sound system and patterns used to create the sounds and words of a language

phonemes

The smallest units of sound that can affect meaning

allophones

Variations of phone names that do not change word meanings

Acoustic phonetics

Study of the relationship between articulation and the acoustic signal of speech and the acoustic properties of sound waves

Auditory phonetics

Study of hearing perception and the brain’s processing of speech

Articulatory phonetics

Study of speech sound production, emphasis on how the physiological movements of the articulators produce individual sounds

Applied phonetics

Study of practical application of research in articulatory, perceptual, acoustic, and experimental phonetics to phonetic analysis of speech sound disorders

Experimental phonetics

Study of speech sounds with objective laboratory and experimental techniques

Descriptive phonetics

Study and explanation of the unique sound properties of various dialects and languages

International phonetic alphabet

IPA stands for

IPA

A set of orthographic symbols that represents spoken sounds

Phonemic transcription, phonetic Transcription, Narrow transcription.

What are the three types of phonetic transcription?

Narrow transcription

Provides additional details on how a typical speaker produces a sound and how to represent a typical sound productions of speakers

Diacritical markers

Special symbols used in narrow phonetic transcription

Consonants and vowels

What two categories can speech sounds be broadly classified into?

Consonants

Speech sounds that are produced by articulatory movements that modify the airstream in some manner

Syllable

Smallest phonetic unit Composed of three parts

Onset, nucleus, coda

3 parts of a syllable

Onset

The initial consonant or consonant cluster of the syllable, Created by release of the syllable, pulse through articulator movements or action of the chest muscles

Nucleus

A vowel or diphthong in the middle of the syllable, created by vowel shaping movements of the vocal tract

Coda

The consonant at the end of the syllable created by arrest of the syllable, pulse through articulatory movements, action of the chest muscles or both

Rhyme

Nucleus and coda are collectively known as ______

Vowels

Produced with an open vocal tract with no points of restriction

Voiced

All vowels are _____

Vowels

Open syllables end in _____

Consonants

Closed syllables end in ____

syllabification

The skill of identifying the number of syllables in words

Distinctive features

A set of unique characteristics of speech sounds of all languages

Cognate pairs

Sounds that are identical in every way, except voicing

Coarticulation

The change a sound Goes through and connected speech

Assimilation

Causes a sound to change to a different sound

Suprasegmental

Features of prosody and add meaning variety and color to running speech

Pitch

The auditory sensation of the frequency with which the vocal folds vibrate

Intensity

Sound pressure

Loudness

The sensory correlate of intensity is______

Acoustics

The study of the physical properties of sound and house sound is generated and propagated

Sound

The result of vibrations in the molecules of a medium such as air, gas or liquid

Psycho acoustics

The study of how humans respond to the physical event called sound

Sound waves

Movements of particles in a medium containing expansions and contractions of molecules

Impedance

Acoustic, mechanical or electrical resistance to motion or sound transmission

Displacement

A change in the molecular positions, a transfer of energy

Oscillation

Molecules swinging back-and-forth to create a wave of disturbance

Compression

A phase of sound in which the vibratory movements of an object increase the density of air Molecules because the molecules are compressed or condensed

Rarefaction

The opposite of compression the thinning of air molecules when the vibrating object returns to equilibrium

Velocity

The amount of molecular displacement per unit of time

Acceleration, Deceleration

A change in velocity may be ____ or ____

Direction, Velocity also changes

Acceleration is related to____ of movement; When direction changes _____

Frequency of vibration

The number of times a cycle of vibration repeats itself within a second

Hertz

Frequency of vibration is measured in ___

Pure tone

When a tone contains a single frequency, it is called a _____

Simple harmonic motion

Results in a tone of single frequency that repeats itself

Sine wave

A graphical representation of a sinusoidal motion

Complex tone

A combination of two or more pure tones of differing frequencies

Periodic

When the vibrations that make up a complex tone, repeat themselves at regular and predictable intervals they are _____

Aperiodic

When the vibratory patterns are random, and the next pattern cannot be predicted from the previous pattern, they are _____

Noise

Typically, a periodic waves are equated with ____

Natural frequency

The frequency with which a source of sound normally vibrates

Mass, stiffness

The sources ____ and ____ determine it’s natural frequency

Fundamental frequency

The lowest frequency of a periodic wave

First harmonic

The fundamental frequency is the _____

Octave

An indication of the interval between two frequencies (1:2)

Amplitude

The magnitude and direction of displacement

intensity

The amount of energy transmitted per second over an area of one square meter

Decibels

Intensity is measured in ____

Density

The amount of mass per unit volume

Pressure

The amount of force per unit area

Velocity

A change in position of air molecules when an object is set into vibration

Reflection

The phenomena of sound waves traveling back after hitting an obstacle with no change in the speed of propagation

Refraction

The bending of the soundwave due to change in its speed of propagation

Resonance

The modification of sound by other sources

Period

The amount of time needed for a cycle to be completed

spectrogram

A graphic display of the acoustic features of speech sounds

Time density and frequency

Spectrogram display speech sounds across three dimensions:

formants

Resonances of the vocal tract

Voice onset time

The time between the release of the stop Consonant and the beginning of the vowel

Hearing level

The minimum intensity to stimulate the human auditory system

20-2000 Hz

The normal ear of a young adult can respond to ______ Hz