US History I Midterm Review

French colonization in North America differed from English colonization mainly because the French

Focused on fur trading and Native alliances

The Dutch West India Company governed New Netherland primarily to

Generate profit through trade

A defining characteristic of New Netherland was

Cultural diversity

The English takeover of New Netherland was significant because it

Strengthened English control of the Atlantic coast

The Virginia Company was important because it

Funded Jamestown as a joint-stock company

Tobacco cultivation in Virginia led directly to

Demand for labor

The House of Burgesses represented

Colonial self-rule

John Winthrop’s “City Upon a Hill” emphasized

Moral responsibility

Puritans differed from Separatists because Puritans

Wanted to reform the Church of England

Quaker beliefs most strongly promoted

Religious tolerance

William Penn’s policies toward Native Americans

Focused on fair treaties

Rhode Island was founded primarily on the principle of

Separation of church and state

Anne Hutchinson challenged Puritan society by

Questioning religious authority

The Pequot War demonstrated

Colonial-Native conflict over land

Maryland was originally founded to

Provide Catholic refuge

The Chesapeake colonies were characterized by

Plantation agriculture

The headright system encouraged

Increased immigration

Indentured servitude declined mainly because

Slavery became more profitable

Bacon’s Rebellion revealed tensions between

Poor farmers and elites

Overall, early colonial regions developed differently due to

Climate and geography

Mercantilism viewed colonies as

Sources of raw materials

The Navigation Acts aimed to

Regulate trade for England’s benefit

Colonial resistance to the Navigation Acts often took the form of

Smuggling

The triangular trade system connected

Africa, Europe, and the Americas

High literacy rates in New England were largely due to

Puritan emphasis on Bible reading

Courtesy books reinforced

Social hierarchy

The Enlightenment influenced colonial leaders by emphasizing

Reason and natural laws

The Great Awakening challenged traditional authority by

Promoting emotional religious experiences

George Whitefield was known for

Traveling sermons

Jonathan Edwards emphasized

God’s power and human sin

The Halfway Covenant attempted to

Address declining church membership

The Dominion of New England was unpopular because it

Eliminated local assemblies

The Albany Plan of Union was significant because it

Proposed colonial unity

The French and Indian War was fought primarily over

Territorial control

Native American alliances during the war

Influenced the outcome

Britain’s victory in the French and Indian War resulted in

Increased British debt

Post-war British policies reflected

Desire for tighter control

Colonists believed they had rights based on

English traditions

Imperial regulation increased primarily because

British economic needs

The Age of Empire set the stage for revolution by

Increasing conflict between Britain and colonies

The Proclamation of 1763 attempted to

Prevent frontier conflict

Colonial opposition to the proclamation reflected

Desire for western land

The Sugar Act primarily affected

New England merchants

The Stamp Act was unique because it

Taxed internal documents

“No taxation without representation” expressed concern about

Parliamentary authority

The Stamp Act Congress demonstrated

Colonial unity

Townshend Duties differed from the Stamp Act because they

Were indirect taxes

Colonial boycotts were effective because they

Hurt British merchants

The Boston Massacre increased tensions mainly because

It was used as propaganda

The Gaspee Incident showed

Willingness to use violence

Committees of Correspondence helped

Spread revolutionary ideas

The Sons of Liberty used tactics such as

Boycotts and intimidation

The Tea Act angered colonists because it

Hurt colonial merchants

The Boston Tea Party demonstrated

Defiance of British authority

The Coercive Acts were intended to

Punish Massachusetts

The Suffolk Resolves called for

Armed resistance

Committees of Safety functioned as

Local revolutionary governments

Lexington and Concord marked

Start of armed conflict

The Conciliatory Proposition failed because

Colonists rejected compromise

Loyalists generally believed

Britain offered stability

Patriots supported

Independence

Colonial resistance evolved from

Petitions to violence

British enforcement policies

Increased unity among colonies

The imperial crisis was driven mainly by

Political authority

By 1775, compromise was unlikely because

Trust had broken down

The Second Continental Congress acted as

A wartime government

George Washington was chosen as commander because

He symbolized unity

Thomas Paine’s Common Sense appealed to

Common colonists

The Crisis was written to

Encourage soldiers

The Declaration of Independence justified rebellion by

Britain violated natural rights

Natural rights philosophy originated from

Locke

Early American military weaknesses included

Poor training and supplies

The Battle of Trenton was important because

Boosted morale

British southern strategy failed largely due to

Patriot guerrilla tactics

Nathanael Greene’s strategy focused on

Wearing down British forces

Yorktown was decisive because

Britain surrendered

The Treaty of Paris (1783)

Recognized U.S. independence

Under the Articles of Confederation

Congress lacked power to

Shays’ Rebellion revealed

Weak national authority

The Northwest Ordinance established

Statehood process

The Constitutional Convention was originally called to

Revise the Articles

The Virginia Plan favored

Population-based representation

The New Jersey Plan supported

State equality

The Great Compromise created

Two houses of Congress

Federalism divides power between

States and national government

Separation of powers was designed to

Prevent tyranny

Checks and balances ensure

Limits on power

Judicial review allows courts to

Interpret constitutionality

The legislative branch is responsible for

Making laws

Anti-Federalists feared

Strong national government

Federalists argued the Constitution

Provided stability

The Federalist Papers were written to

Support ratification

James Madison is best described as

Architect of the Constitution

Ratification debates focused most on

Individual rights

The Bill of Rights was added to

Protect individual liberties

Popular sovereignty means

Power comes from the people

Republicanism emphasized

Civic virtue

The Constitution replaced the Articles because

The Articles were too weak

The First Republic faced its greatest challenge in

Balancing liberty and order

Overall, the American Revolution resulted in

A republican government based on Enlightenment ideals;